Regulation of tadpole spinal nerve fiber growth by the regenerating limb blastema in tissue culture

Richmond, Mary; Pollack, Emanuel D.

doi:10.1002/jez.1402250207

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Once the blastema has grown to a critical size, it becomes independent of the nerve for differentiation and morphogenesis, but remains nerve‐dependent for blastema cell mitosis, as evidenced by the fact the blastema forms a miniaturized regenerate (reviewed by Thornton, ; Stocum and Cameron, ; Pirotte et al ., ; Boilly et al ., ; Stocum, ). Regeneration of axons following amputation is stimulated by factors expressed by blastema cells, as shown by in vitro co‐culture experiments (Richmond and Pollack, ; Boilly and Bauduin, ; Bauduin et al ., ). Several known neurotrophic factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophins 3 and 4 (NT3, 4), glial‐derived neurotrophic factor, and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor can substitute for blastema tissue in promoting axon outgrowth in vitro (Tonge and Leclere, ).…”

Section: Role Of the Nerve In Blastema Cell Proliferationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Nerves and Proliferation of Progenitor Cells in Limb Regeneration

Stocum

2018

Developmental Neurobiology

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Nerves, in conjunction with the apical epidermal cap (AEC), play an important role in the proliferation of the mesenchymal progenitor cells comprising the blastema of regenerating urodele amphibian limbs. Reinnervation after amputation requires factors supplied by the forming blastema, and neurotrophic factors must be present at or above a quantitative threshold for mitosis of the blastema cells. The AEC forms independently of nerves, but requires nerves to be maintained. Urodele limb buds are independent of nerves for regeneration, but innervation imposes a regenerative requirement for nerve factors on their cells as they differentiate. There are three main ideas on the functional relationship between nerves, AEC, and blastema cells: (1) nerves and AEC produce factors with different roles in maintaining progenitor status and mitosis; (2) the AEC produces the factors that promote blastema cell mitosis, but requires nerves to express them; (3) blastema cells, nerves, and AEC all produce the same factor(s) that additively attain the required threshold for mitosis.

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Section: Role Of the Nerve In Blastema Cell Proliferationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Nerves and Proliferation of Progenitor Cells in Limb Regeneration

Stocum

2018

Developmental Neurobiology

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“…The regeneration of nerve fibers into the blastema is dependent on factors produced by the blastema cells. Regeneration of axons from nerve cell bodies is promoted in vitro by co‐culture of neurons with blastema tissue (Richmond & Pollack, 1983). Several known neurotrophic factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophins 3 and 4, glial‐derived neurotrophic factor, and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor can substitute for blastema tissue in promoting axon outgrowth in vitro (Tonge & Leclere, 2000).…”

Section: Blastema Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Stocum

2017

Regeneration

109

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This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regeneration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self‐organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb?

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“…Most tadpole tissues have been examined to some extent to determine their function during tadpole life and to determine their hormone-dependent changes throughout metamorphosis (Pouyet and Beaumont 1975;Dodd and Dodd 1976;Fox 1983;Gilbert et al 1996;Brown and Cai 2007). Many organs have been cultured in vitro, including tail, hind limbs, skin, intestine, liver, pancreas, lung, fat bodies, spinal cord, and gills (Derby 1968;Hanke 1978;Derby et al 1979;Richmond and Pollack 1983;Mathisen and Miller 1989;Ishizuya-Oka and Shimozawa 1991;Tata et al 1991;Helbing et al 1992;Buchholz and Hayes 2005;Veldhoen et al 2015). Supplementary anatomical aspects of tadpole skeletal and soft tissue structures are available (McDiarmid and Altig 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

XenopusTadpole Tissue Harvest

Patmann

Shewade

Schneider

et al. 2017

Cold Spring Harb Protoc

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The procedures described here apply to Xenopus tadpoles from the beginning of feeding through the major changes of metamorphosis and are appropriate for downstream postoperative snap freezing for molecular analysis, fixation for histological analysis, and sterile organ culture. To the uninitiated, the most difficult aspects of tadpole tissue dissections are likely knowing the appearance and location of organs, and the difficulty manipulating and holding tadpoles in place to carry out the oftentimes fine and precise dissections. Therefore, images and stepwise instructions are given for the harvest of external organs (tail, head, eyes, tail skin, back skin, gills, thymus, hind limbs, forelimbs) and peritoneal organs (intestine, pancreas, liver, spleen, lungs, fat bodies, kidney/gonad complex), as well as brain, heart, and blood. Dissections are typically done under a dissection stereomicroscope, and two pairs of fine straight forceps, one pair of fine curved forceps, and one pair of microdissection scissors are sufficient for most tissue harvests. MATERIALSIt is essential that you consult the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets and your institution's Environmental Health and Safety Office for proper handling of equipment and hazardous materials used in this protocol.RECIPES: Please see the end of this protocol for recipes indicated by . Additional recipes can be found online at http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/site/recipes. Reagents Ethanol (70%) Frog waterRemove chlorine/chloramine from tap water by carbon filtration (Alternatively, reconstitute reverse-osmosis water to 800 μS using Instant Ocean or equivalent). Adjust the pH to 7.5 using sodium bicarbonate.Ice MS-222 solution (0.1% tricaine methanesulfonate [Sigma-Aldrich], in frog water)Add sodium bicarbonate to 0.1% to adjust the pH to 7.0-7.5.Phosphate-buffered saline (0.6×) Dilute 1× PBS 60:40 with reverse-osmosis or distilled water. Dilution is required because the osmolarity of amphibian blood is 62% that of mammalian blood.

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Regulation of tadpole spinal nerve fiber growth by the regenerating limb blastema in tissue culture

Cited by 19 publications

References 36 publications

Nerves and Proliferation of Progenitor Cells in Limb Regeneration

Nerves and Proliferation of Progenitor Cells in Limb Regeneration

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

XenopusTadpole Tissue Harvest

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