Regulation of Treg cells by cytokine signaling and co-stimulatory molecules

Abstract

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), a vital component of the immune system, are responsible for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing excessive immune responses. This review explores the signaling pathways of the cytokines that regulate Treg cells, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and IL-35, which foster the differentiation and enhance the immunosuppressive capabilities of Tregs. It also examines how, conversely, signals mediated by IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-α) can undermine Treg suppressive functions or even drive their reprogramming into effector T cells. The B7 family comprises indispensable co-stimulators for T cell activation. Among its members, this review focuses on the capacity of CTLA-4 and PD-1 to regulate the differentiation, function, and survival of Tregs. As Tregs play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis, their dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This review delves into the potential of employing Treg-based immunotherapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and cancer. By shedding light on these topics, this article aims to enhance our understanding of the regulation of Tregs by cytokines and their therapeutic potential for various pathological conditions.

Effects of Glycosylation Combined with Phosphate Treatment on the Allergenicity and Structure of Tropomyosin in Litopenaeus vannamei

“…CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + is the signature transcription factor of Treg cells, and its sustained expression in differentiated Treg cells is necessary for the stability and function of the Treg cell lineage. IL-10 is one of the cytokines of Treg cells; in addition, TGF-β and IL-35 are also essential cytokines for the immunosuppressive function of Treg cells . This may also be an important reason for the difference between CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + and CD4 + IL-10 + in the results.…”