“…In addition to biogenic amine neuromodulators, its genome contains 113 genes that may encode up to 250 distinct peptides of three classes (Li and Kim, 2010): the insulin-like (INS) (Pierce et al, 2001), FMRF-amide-related (FLP), and non-insulin/non-FMRF-amide-related (NLP) (Husson et al, 2007). A number of these neuropeptides already have assigned roles, affecting ‘simple’ (locomotion, feeding, egg-laying) to ‘complex’ (mating, lethargus, aggregation, learning) behaviors (Beets et al, 2012; Bendena et al, 2008; Bhattacharya et al, 2014; Chalasani et al, 2007; Chen et al, 2013; de Bono and Bargmann, 1998; Garrison et al, 2012; Hums et al, 2016; Janssen et al, 2009; Macosko et al, 2009; Turek et al, 2016; Waggoner et al, 2000; others). For instance, the NLP-type PDF-1 increases velocity and suppresses reversals through premotor and other interneurons (Flavell et al, 2013; Meelkop et al, 2012).…”