Regulation of type III secretion system 1 gene expression in<i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i>is dependent on interactions between ExsA, ExsC, and ExsD

Zhou, Xiaohui; Konkel, Michael E.; Call, Douglas R.

doi:10.4161/viru.1.4.12318

Cited by 45 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…In silico evaluation of the V. parahaemolyticus O3 : K6 genome revealed probable orthologues for exsA, exsC and exsD based on sequence identity (40, 34 and 30 %, respectively). Zhou et al (2010aZhou et al ( , 2008 verified that exsA, exsC and exsD are functional orthologues of their P. aeruginosa counterparts. No exsE homologue has been identified by sequence similarity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Regulation of T3SS1 in V. parahaemolyticus is also controlled in a manner similar to P. aeruginosa Zhou et al, 2010a;Zhou et al, 2008). Beyond the interaction of the proximal regulators ExsA, ExsD and ExsC, however, little is known about the induction of T3SS1 other than studies showing that gene expression can be induced with host cell contact and when V. parahaemolyticus is cultured under specific conditions (Gode-Potratz et al, 2010;Zhou et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blots were scanned and images were obtained using the Odyssey Infrared Imaging system (LI-COR). Primary antibodies used at a 1 : 5000 dilution were antiVp1656 (Zhou et al, 2008), anti-DnaK (Zhou et al, 2010a) and anti-LC3 (Novus Biologicals).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus ExsE is requisite for initial adhesion and subsequent type III secretion system 1-dependent autophagy in HeLa cells

2012

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus ExsE is requisite for initial adhesion and subsequent type III secretion system 1-dependent autophagy in HeLa cells

2012

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“…This ToxRS pathway is unique to any Vibrio species thus far described. Previously, Call and colleagues demonstrated that the genes VP1699, VP1698, and VP1701 are homologues of Pseudomonas genes exsA, exsD and exsC, are found at the terminus of the T3SS-1 cluster, and are regulators of T3SS-1 genes (84,86). They showed that the environmental regulation of T3SS-1 genes is through ExsA, which acts as a positive transcriptional regulator of the T3SS-1 gene cluster.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Vibrio parahaemolyticus ToxRS Regulator Is Required for Stress Tolerance and Colonization in a Novel Orogastric Streptomycin-Induced Adult Murine Model

et al. 2012

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ABSTRACTVibrio parahaemolyticus, a marine bacterium, is the causative agent of gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of seafood. It contains a homologue of thetoxRSoperon that inV. choleraeis the key regulator of virulence gene expression. We examined a nonpolar mutation intoxRSto determine the role of these genes inV. parahaemolyticusRIMD2210633, an O3:K6 isolate, and showed that compared to the wild type, ΔtoxRSwas significantly more sensitive to acid, bile salts, and sodium dodecyl sulfate stresses. We demonstrated that ToxRS is a positive regulator ofompUexpression, and that the complementation of ΔtoxRSwithompUrestores stress tolerance. Furthermore, we showed that ToxRS also regulates type III secretion system genes in chromosome I via the regulation of theleuOhomologue VP0350. We examined the effect of ΔtoxRS in vivousing a new orogastric adult murine model of colonization. We demonstrated that streptomycin-treated adult C57BL/6 mice experienced prolonged intestinal colonization along the entire intestinal tract by the streptomycin-resistantV. parahaemolyticus. In contrast, no colonization occurred in non-streptomycin-treated mice. A competition assay between the ΔtoxRSand wild-typeV. parahaemolyticusstrains marked with the β-galactosidase genelacZdemonstrated that the ΔtoxRSstrain was defective in colonization compared to the wild-type strain. This defect was rescued by ectopically expressingompU. Thus, the defect in stress tolerance and colonization in ΔtoxRSis solely due to OmpU. To our knowledge, the orogastric adult murine model reported here is the first showing sustained intestinal colonization byV. parahaemolyticus.

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“…1B). We included ⌬exsA and ⌬exsD strains in this analysis, which serve as positive and negative regulators of the T3SS1 expression, respectively (34,35). Hemolytic activity was not different for either strain (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Two Animal Models To Study the Function of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Type III Secretion Systems

et al. 2010

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging food-and waterborne pathogen that encodes two type III secretion systems (T3SSs). Previous studies have linked type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) to cytotoxicity and T3SS2 to intestinal fluid accumulation, but animal challenge models needed to study these phenomena are limited. In this study we evaluated the roles of the T3SSs during infection using two novel animal models: a model in which piglets were inoculated orogastrically and a model in which mice were inoculated in their lungs (intrapulmonarily). The bacterial strains employed in this study had equivalent growth rates and beta-hemolytic activity based on in vitro assays. Inoculation of 48-h-old conventional piglets with 10 11 CFU of the wild-type strain (NY-4) or T3SS1 deletion mutant strains resulted in acute, self-limiting diarrhea, whereas inoculation with a T3SS2 deletion mutant strain failed to produce any clinical symptoms. Intrapulmonary inoculation of C57BL/6 mice with the wild-type strain and T3SS2 deletion mutant strains (5 ؋ 10 5 CFU) induced mortality or a moribund state within 12 h (80 to 100% mortality), whereas inoculation with a T3SS1 deletion mutant or a T3SS1 T3SS2 double deletion mutant produced no mortality. Bacteria were recovered from multiple organs regardless of the strain used in the mouse model, indicating that the mice were capable of clearing the lung infection in the absence of a functional T3SS1. Because all strains had a similar beta-hemolysin phenotype, we surmise that thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) plays a limited role in these models. The two models introduced herein produce robust results and provide a means to determine how different T3SS1 and T3SS2 effector proteins contribute to pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus infection.Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative food-and waterborne pathogen that is recognized worldwide as a causative agent of gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of undercooked seafood (22). Gastrointestinal infection is characterized by acute self-limiting diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In approximately 5% of cases, V. parahaemolyticus gastrointestinal infection can progress to septicemia and may be fatal for immunocompromised patients, including those with leukemia, liver disease, and patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (14, 28).The thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) is a widely recognized virulence factor of V. parahaemolyticus. This hemolysin is associated with the Kanagawa phenomenon, which is a beta-hemolysis reaction on a defined blood agar (10). TDH is encoded by 1 or 2 genes (tdhA and tdhS), and the protein increases permeability in human erythrocytes (19), increases chloride secretion in an intestinal cell line (29), and is also thought to be responsible for enterotoxigenicity in a rabbit small intestine model (5, 23). Early studies demonstrated that deletion of tdhS and tdhA will significantly reduce fluid accumulation in a rabbit ileal-loop model, but the phenotype is not completely abrogated, sug...

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Regulation of type III secretion system 1 gene expression inVibrio parahaemolyticusis dependent on interactions between ExsA, ExsC, and ExsD

Cited by 45 publications

References 59 publications

Vibrio parahaemolyticus ExsE is requisite for initial adhesion and subsequent type III secretion system 1-dependent autophagy in HeLa cells

Vibrio parahaemolyticus ExsE is requisite for initial adhesion and subsequent type III secretion system 1-dependent autophagy in HeLa cells

The Vibrio parahaemolyticus ToxRS Regulator Is Required for Stress Tolerance and Colonization in a Novel Orogastric Streptomycin-Induced Adult Murine Model

Development of Two Animal Models To Study the Function of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Type III Secretion Systems

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