Regulatory barriers to improving global food security

Smyth, Stuart J.

doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100440

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Likewise, Ghana and Uganda are taking steps to move their field trials to approval for commercial cultivation and Burkina Faso wishes to do the same with Bt cowpea ( Gakpo, 2020 ; Komen et al, 2020 ). Movements and discussions like these are positive indicators of wider acceptance of traditional GM crops and even more so, plants developed using new breeding techniques, but a fine line must be tread to avoid overregulation that may stifle the progression of innovation ( Table 4 ; Qaim, 2020 ; Smyth, 2020 ).…”

Section: An Overview Of the Global Legislative Landscapementioning

confidence: 99%

Global Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops Amid the Gene Edited Crop Boom – A Review

2021

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Products derived from agricultural biotechnology is fast becoming one of the biggest agricultural trade commodities globally, clothing us, feeding our livestock, and fueling our eco-friendly cars. This exponential growth occurs despite asynchronous regulatory schemes around the world, ranging from moratoriums and prohibitions on genetically modified (GM) organisms, to regulations that treat both conventional and biotech novel plant products under the same regulatory framework. Given the enormous surface area being cultivated, there is no longer a question of acceptance or outright need for biotech crop varieties. Recent recognition of the researchers for the development of a genome editing technique using CRISPR/Cas9 by the Nobel Prize committee is another step closer to developing and cultivating new varieties of agricultural crops. By employing precise, efficient, yet affordable genome editing techniques, new genome edited crops are entering country regulatory schemes for commercialization. Countries which currently dominate in cultivating and exporting GM crops are quickly recognizing different types of gene-edited products by comparing the products to conventionally bred varieties. This nuanced legislative development, first implemented in Argentina, and soon followed by many, shows considerable shifts in the landscape of agricultural biotechnology products. The evolution of the law on gene edited crops demonstrates that the law is not static and must adjust to the mores of society, informed by the experiences of 25 years of cultivation and regulation of GM crops. The crux of this review is a consolidation of the global legislative landscape on GM crops, as it stands, building on earlier works by specifically addressing how gene edited crops will fit into the existing frameworks. This work is the first of its kind to synthesize the applicable regulatory documents across the globe, with a focus on GM crop cultivation, and provides links to original legislation on GM and gene edited crops.

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Section: An Overview Of the Global Legislative Landscapementioning

confidence: 99%

Global Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops Amid the Gene Edited Crop Boom – A Review

2021

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“…Compared with GM crops, CRISPR-edited crops pose minimal risk to ecosystems, human health, and the environment [ 3 ]. Barriers to widespread adoption include the risk of unintended genetic modifications, consumer acceptance, and inconsistent regulation of CRISPR-edited crops [ 49 ]. The following section discusses different CRISPR/Cas systems and their uses in improving crop genetics.…”

Section: Emerging Crispr/cas Systems and Their Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops

Ahmad

Munawar

Khan

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits—without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.

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“…However, the longstanding relationship between regulation and the diversification of crop biotechnology development is not well understood empirically. Some suggest that regulation generally has an inhibitory effect on biotechnology development via barriers in regulatory costs and trade limitations ( Smyth, 2020 ; Steinwand & Ronald, 2020 ). Others have argued that regulation can improve biotechnology development by reducing industrial uncertainty ( Hansen, 2001 ) and enhancing product stewardship ( Mbabzi et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons for a SECURE Future: Evaluating Diversity in Crop Biotechnology Across Regulatory Regimes

George

Hornstein

Clower

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Regulation of next-generation crops in the United States under the newly implemented “SECURE” rule promises to diversify innovation in agricultural biotechnology. Specifically, SECURE promises to expand the number of products eligible for regulatory exemption, which proponents theorize will increase the variety of traits, genes, organisms, and developers involved in developing crop biotechnology. However, few data-driven studies have looked back at the history of crop biotechnology to understand how specific regulatory pathways have affected diversity in crop biotechnology and how those patterns might change over time. In this article, we draw upon 30 years of regulatory submission data to 1) understand historical diversification trends across the landscape and history of past crop biotechnology regulatory pathways and 2) forecast how the new SECURE regulations might affect future diversification trends. Our goal is to apply an empirical approach to exploring the relationship between regulation and diversity in crop biotechnology and provide a basis for future data-driven analysis of regulatory outcomes. Based on our analysis, we suggest that diversity in crop biotechnology does not follow a single trajectory dictated by the shifts in regulation, and outcomes of SECURE might be more varied and restrictive despite the revamped exemption categories. In addition, the concept of confidential business information and its relationship to past and future biotechnology regulation is reviewed in light of our analysis.

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Regulatory barriers to improving global food security

Cited by 21 publications

References 20 publications

Global Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops Amid the Gene Edited Crop Boom – A Review

Global Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops Amid the Gene Edited Crop Boom – A Review

An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops

Lessons for a SECURE Future: Evaluating Diversity in Crop Biotechnology Across Regulatory Regimes

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