Regulatory changes as a consequence of transposon insertion

Girard, Lisa; Freeling, Michael

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1999)25:4<291::aid-dvg2>3.0.co;2-5

Cited by 60 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The mechanisms causing the difference in the phenotype between sal1-1 and sal1-1Ј are currently unknown, but one possibility is that a second, independent enhancer mutation occurred in the sal1-1͞ϩ Mu-active plant used as a pollen donor for the sal1-1 lines. Alternatively, the doubleal1 phenotype may be caused by a suppression of the Mu-insertion allele, a phenomenon that has been reported for several other Mu-insertion alleles (24)(25)(26). The sal1-2 allele was identified by using the sequence information from the cloning of the sal1-1 allele in a reverse-genetics experiment on DNA from the TUSC population ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

sal1 determines the number of aleurone cell layers in maize endosperm and encodes a class E vacuolar sorting protein

Shen

Zhao

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

131

109

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A microscopy-based screen of a large collection of maize Mutator (Mu) transposon lines identified the supernumerary aleurone layers 1-1 (sal1-1) mutant line carrying up to seven layers of aleurone cells in defective kernel endosperm compared with only a single layer in wild-type grains. Normal, well filled endosperm that is homozygous for the sal1-1 mutant allele contains two to three layers of aleurone cells. Cloning of the sal1 gene was accomplished by using Mu tagging, and the identity of the cloned gene was confirmed by isolating an independent sal1-2 allele by reverse genetics. Homozygous sal1-2 endosperm has two to three layers of aleurone cells in normal, well filled grains. In situ hybridization experiments reveal that the sal1 gene is ubiquitously expressed in vegetative as well as zygotic grain tissues, with no difference being detected between aleurone cells and starchy endosperm cells. Northern blot analysis failed to detect the sal1-2 transcript in leaves of homozygous plants, suggesting that the allele is a true sal1 knockout allele. The sal1 gene encodes a homologue of the human Chmp1 gene, a member of the conserved family of the class E vacuolar protein sorting genes implicated in membrane vesicle trafficking. In mammals, CHMP1 functions in the pathway targeting plasma membrane receptors and ligands to lysosomes for proteolytic degradation. Possible roles for the function of the sal1 gene in aleurone signaling, including a defect in endosome trafficking, are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

sal1 determines the number of aleurone cell layers in maize endosperm and encodes a class E vacuolar sorting protein

Shen

Zhao

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

131

109

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“…Although transposon insertions can have deleterious effects on host genomes, transposons are considered important for adaptative evolution, and can be instrumental in acquiring novel traits [45][46][47][48][49]. Retrotransposons have so far received little attention in the assessment of genetic diversity, despite of their contribution to the genome structure, size, and variation [50].…”

Section: Transposable Elements-based Molecular Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Plant Genetic Diversity by Molecular Tools

2009

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This paper is an overview of the diverse, predominantly molecular techniques, used in assessing plant genetic diversity. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the application of molecular genetic methods for assessing the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. Molecular techniques have been applied in the analysis of specific genes, as well as to increase understanding of gene action, generate genetic maps and assist in the development of gene transfer technologies. Molecular techniques have also had critical roles in studies of phylogeny and species evolution, and have been applied to increase our understanding of the distribution and extent of genetic variation within and between species. These techniques are well established and their advantages as well as limitations have been realized and described in this work. Recently, a new class of advanced techniques has emerged, primarily derived from a combination of earlier, more basic techniques. Advanced marker techniques tend to amalgamate advantageous features of several basic techniques, in order to increase the sensitivity and resolution to detect genetic discontinuity and distinctiveness. Some of the advanced marker techniques utilize newer classes of DNA elements, such as retrotransposons, mitochondrial and chloroplast based microsatellites, thereby revealing genetic variation through increased genome coverage. Techniques such as RAPD and AFLP are also being applied to cDNA-based templates to study patterns of gene expression and uncover the genetic basis of biological responses. The most important and recent advances made in molecular marker techniques are discussed in this review, along with their applications, advantages and limitations applied to plant sciences.

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“…The integration of a transposon in or near a gene can disrupt its coding sequences or perturb its expression pattern [9]. Additionally, the failure to repair DNA breaks associated with transposon excision or integration can lead to chromosome rearrangements.…”

Section: Glossarymentioning

confidence: 99%