Regulatory effect of intracellular polysaccharides from Antrodia cinnamomea on the intestinal microbiota of mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Abstract

Antrodia cinnamomea is a valuable and scarce medicinal and edible mushroom. Its main active substances are triterpenoids and polysaccharides with many biological activities, such as liver protection, immunity enhancement, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral. The long-term use of antibiotics can easily lead to disorders in the intestinal flora and causes diarrhea, inflammation, immune decline, and other symptoms. In this study, A. cinnamomea intracellular polysaccharides (AIPSs) were extracted from mycelia in submerged fermentation, and the AIPSs with a neutral polysaccharide content of 82.74%±0.63% were obtained. Then, the therapeutic effect of AIPSs on diarrhea in mice caused by lincomycin hydrochloride (LIH), and their regulatory and recovery effects on the intestinal flora, was studied with fructooligosaccharide as the positive control. In vivo experiments in mice showed that fed intragastrically with 0.25 g/kg (bodyweight of mice) of AIPSs significantly reduced the weight loss caused by antibiotics and restored the immune-organ index (P<0.05). The AIPSs also significantly lowered the degrees of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in mouse serum (P<0.01). Analysis of mouse intestinal flora showed that AIPSs treated diarrhea caused by LIH and regulated and improved the flora’s structure. These effects were primarily manifested in the increased relative abundance of good microorganisms (e.g., Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Osllospiraceae, and Lachnospiraceae) and reduced relative abundance of harmful microorganisms (e.g., Enterococcus) (P<0.05). This study further expanded the application value of the submerged fermentation products of A. cinnamomea. A new perspective and theoretical basis for developing new multifunctional prebiotics to regulate antibiotic-induced disorders in the intestinal flora was also provided.

Ameliorative effect of Aconite aqueous extract on diarrhea is associated with modulation of the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

“…The gut microbiota is an important microbial community in the body and plays a central role in the maintenance of health ( Zhang C. et al, 2022 ). Growing evidence has proven that disruption of the gut microbiota is characteristic of diarrhea ( Chen et al, 2019 ; Breitrück et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2021 ; Zhen et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2022 ; Lu et al, 2022 ). In our study, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to explore whether the structure of the gut microbiota in mice with diarrhea would be altered by administration of AA.…”

“…Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group (belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family), a probiotic, produces short-chain fatty acids that inhibit pathogenic bacteria and are considered anti-inflammatory molecules. Multiple studies have identified decreased levels of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group in the stool of mice with diarrhea, and a decrease in diarrhea symptoms is associated with increased Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group levels ( Breitrück et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2021 ; Zhen et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2022 ; Lu et al, 2022 ). Escherichia-Shigella are Gram-negative, and this is the main pathogen that causes diarrhea and diarrhea-related deaths ( Yan et al, 2022 ).…”

Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of the Iron-Ion-Promoted Asexual Sporulation of Antrodia cinnamomea in Submerged Fermentation Revealed by Comparative Transcriptomics

“…Antrodia camphorata ) is a precious edible and medicinal fungus that belongs to phylum Basidiomycetes, family Polyporaceae, and genus Antrodia [ 1 ]. A. cinnamomea presents various biological activities, such as hepatoprotective, antitumor, antioxidant, antiviral, antivasodilation, hypoglycemic, immunoregulatory, and gut microbiota regulatory [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The main bioactive compounds of A. cinnamomea include triterpenoids (such as antcins A, antcins B, antcins C, antcins H, antcins K, methylantcinate, and sulphurenic acid), polysaccharides, ubiquinone derivatives (such as antroquinonol, antroquinonol B, antroquinonol C, antroquinonol D, antroquinonol L, antroquinonol M, and 4-acetyantroquinonol B), maleic and succinic acid derivatives (such as antrodins A, antrodins B, antrodins C, antrodins D, and antrodins E), and benzene derivatives [ 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Clostridioides (Clostridium difficile) In Meat and Meat Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Clostridium difficile was first identified in a study of gut microbiota of babies about 88 years ago ( 1 ). This bacterium is a clinically significant Gram-positive, toxin-producing, spore-forming, anaerobic bacillus with a relatively large size (about 3–5 μm in length) ( 2 ).…”