Regulatory Mechanism of Food Factors in Bone Metabolism and Prevention of Osteoporosis

Abstract

Aging induces a decrease in bone mass, and osteoporosis with its accompanying decrease in bone mass is widely recognized as a major public health problem. Bone loss with increasing age may be due to decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption. Pharmacologic and nutritional factors may prevent bone loss with aging, although chemical compounds in food and plants which act on bone metabolism are poorly understood. We have found that iso‰avones (including genistein and daidzein), which are contained in soybeans, have a stimulatory eŠect on osteoblastic bone formation and an inhibitory eŠect on osteoclastic bone resorption, thereby increasing bone mass. Menaquinone-7, an analogue of vitamin K 2 which is abundant in fermented soybeans, has been demonstrated to stimulate osteoblastic bone formation and to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption. Of various carotenoids, b-cryptoxanthin, which is abundant in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unchiu MARC), has a stimulatory eŠect on osteoblastic bone formation and an inhibitory eŠect on osteoclastic bone resorption. The supplementation of these factors has a preventive eŠect on bone loss induced by ovariectomy in rats, which are an animal model of osteoporosis, and their intake has been shown to have a stimulatory eŠect on bone mass in humans. Factors with an anabolic eŠect on bone metabolism were found in extracts obtained from wasabi leafstalk (Wasabi japonica MATSUM), the marine alga Sargassum horneri, and bee pollen Cistus ladaniferus. Phytocomponent p-hydroxycinnamic acid was also found to have an anabolic eŠect on bone metabolism. Food chemical factors thus play a role in bone health and may be important in the prevention of bone loss with increasing age.

The role of hesperetin on osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells and its function in bone regeneration

“…Several studies have demonstrated that flavonoids stimulate bone metabolism to improve bone mineral density [20, 21]. Hesperetin, a member of the flavanone subclass of flavonoids, is found mainly in citrus fruits.…”

Vitamins K1 and K2: The Emerging Group of Vitamins Required for Human Health

“…The lifetime risk of having at least one fracture is reduced by 25% with the daily use of 800 IU vitamin D, 45  μ gm vitamin K2, and 1200 mg calcium [10]. Vitamin K2 (MK-7) from fermented soybeans stimulates osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts resulting in an anabolic effect on bone calcification [11]. A systematic review (level of evidence I [LOE = A]) has shown vitamin K2 to prevent fractures in vertebra by 60%, hip fractures by 77%, and nonvertebral fractures by 81% in Japanese patients [12].…”

Pantoea agglomerans lipopolysaccharide maintains bone density in premenopausal women: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial

“…Thus, the risk of osteoporosis is increased in postmenopausal women because of their reduced estrogen production. Soy isoflavone, which has similar but weak effects to estrogen, is known to regulate bone metabolism (Yamaguchi 2006). It has been reported that osteoporosis may be prevented by the ingestion of Ca and soy isoflavone (Wong et al 2009;Alekel et al 2010;Verbrugge et al 2012), but they are insufficient to prevent osteoporosis.…”

“…Thus, if the bone metabolism can be maintained and/or the bone mass increased via the oral intake of LPSp, it may be possible to utilize LPSp as a novel mechanism for osteoporosis prevention. The mechanism of action of LPSp is probably different from that of isoflavone, because isoflavones regulate bone metabolism by binding to estrogen receptors similar to estrogen (Yamaguchi 2006). Therefore, there may be a synergistic effect between LPSp and isoflavone.…”