“…In natural ecosystems, plants continuously release complex root exudates, i.e., active metabolites containing organic acids, amino acids, proteins, sugars, and nucleic acids, during growth. 36 The toxicological effects induced by different NPs can not only modify biological processes but also stimulate the release of root exudates, 22 which inevitably interact with exposed NPs in the environment, possibly contributing to the generation of NP−corona complexes. Nevertheless, there is an enormous lack of research on the metabolism and corona evolution of root−nano systems under the modulation of NPs with different surface properties.…”