Regulatory objectives vs fiscal interests: Are German casino locations motivated by beggar-thy-neighbor policy? An empirical analysis

Abstract

In this paper we provide an empirical analysis of German casino locations. Due to the “mercantilistic background” of casinos, we assume that casinos are more likely to be found at borders and in tourist areas. Even though location decisions have been made in the past, we use cross-sectional data at county level to analyze whether the current locations of casinos are consistent with present-day policy objectives. We discuss whether fiscal incentives and/or regulatory objectives to prevent harmful gambling are relevant for today's locations of German casinos. For our empirical analysis we use location and tourism indicators which are both significant factors for the location of German casinos. We find that the likelihood of a casino location increases if a county is located at a state border. We conjecture that border locations are chosen to share negative externalities of gambling with neighboring states while attracting revenues from out-of-state gamblers. This can be viewed as a type of beggar-thy-neighbor policy, which is inconsistent, however, with the objectives of the State Treaty, which is to provide legal gambling opportunities for the population within the state. For better implementation of the objectives, a more balanced distribution of casinos throughout the urbanized regions in Germany is recommended.

Are Out-of-State Players the Target Market? A Geospatial Analysis of the Gambling Export Strategy in the United States

“…Stakeholders during site approval processes may have differing views on the value of a development, which often include a diverse mix of costs and benefits. Detractors may cite social concerns, including increases in crime, environmental impacts, and problem gambling, while supporters may cite benefits to economic welfare through jobs, tax revenue, and additions to tourism infrastructure (Eadington, 1996(Eadington, , 1998Wu & Chen, 2015).As a function of the mixture of costs and benefits, scholars propose that jurisdictions expanding casino gambling will have a preference for site locations that can target transborder consumers (Assaf et al, 2013;Calcagno et al, 2010;Haucap et al, 2022). The reason for this is twofold: (1) An export-oriented strategy can increase the potential economic output from the venue, particularly for venues in low-income communities, and (2) an export strategy may reduce negative social impacts, as many gamblers incurring harm would not reside in the host jurisdiction.…”

“…As a function of the mixture of costs and benefits, scholars propose that jurisdictions expanding casino gambling will have a preference for site locations that can target transborder consumers (Assaf et al, 2013;Calcagno et al, 2010;Haucap et al, 2022). The reason for this is twofold: (1) An export-oriented strategy can increase the potential economic output from the venue, particularly for venues in low-income communities, and (2) an export strategy may reduce negative social impacts, as many gamblers incurring harm would not reside in the host jurisdiction.…”