Regulatory Peptides in Asthma

Kaczyńska, Katarzyna; Zając, Dominika; Wojciechowski, Piotr; Jampolska, Monika

doi:10.3390/ijms222413656

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 255 publications

(297 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, as described before, several adipokines can directly suppress the HPT axis. However, numerous studies have clearly demonstrated how they can enhance (e.g., leptin or resistin) or alleviate (e.g., adiponectin and ghrelin), various features of inflammatory disease (e.g., asthma), acting either as pro- or anti-inflammatory factors, respectively [ 74 , 75 ]. Therefore, an indirect effect of adipokines mediated by inflammation may be also hypothesized.…”

Section: The Effects Of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction On Androgen Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Obesity-Related Male Hypogonadism

Genchi

Rossi

Lauriola

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Obesity is a chronic illness associated with several metabolic derangements and comorbidities (i.e., insulin resistance, leptin resistance, diabetes, etc.) and often leads to impaired testicular function and male subfertility. Several mechanisms may indeed negatively affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal health, such as higher testosterone conversion to estradiol by aromatase activity in the adipose tissue, increased ROS production, and the release of several endocrine molecules affecting the hypothalamus–pituitary–testis axis by both direct and indirect mechanisms. In addition, androgen deficiency could further accelerate adipose tissue expansion and therefore exacerbate obesity, which in turn enhances hypogonadism, thus inducing a vicious cycle. Based on these considerations, we propose an overview on the relationship of adipose tissue dysfunction and male hypogonadism, highlighting the main biological pathways involved and the current therapeutic options to counteract this condition.

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Section: The Effects Of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction On Androgen Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Obesity-Related Male Hypogonadism

Genchi

Rossi

Lauriola

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…In the analysis of the main polymorphism variants of the hBD-1 genes rs1047031 (C/T), rs1799946 (C/T), rs2738047 (C/T) and rs11362 (C/T) by genotyping 575 blood samples of men and women, cigarette smokers (288)/non-smokers (287), it was found that the CT and CT+TT rs1799946 genotypes showed a 5-fold increased correlation among smokers compared to control women, but with protective effects in the TT genotype in non-smokers [ 239 ]. In this regard, when analyzing the level of hBD expression in asthma, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of genetic polymorphisms of AMP genes, which can aggravate the course of asthma [ 240 ]. Asthma is also associated with polymorphisms not only in the hBD-1 gene, but also in the hBD-2 gene.…”

Section: Allergenic Activity Of Ampsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory and Allergenic Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides

Guryanova

Ovchinnikova

2022

IJMS

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With the growing problem of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the search for alternative ways to combat bacterial infections is extremely urgent. While analyzing the effect of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on immunocompetent cells, their effect on all parts of the immune system, and on humoral and cellular immunity, is revealed. AMPs have direct effects on neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, T-lymphocytes, and mast cells, participating in innate immunity. They act on B-lymphocytes indirectly, enhancing the induction of antigen-specific immunity, which ultimately leads to the activation of adaptive immunity. The adjuvant activity of AMPs in relation to bacterial and viral antigens was the reason for their inclusion in vaccines and made it possible to formulate the concept of a “defensin vaccine” as an innovative basis for constructing vaccines. The immunomodulatory function of AMPs involves their influence on cells in the nearest microenvironment, recruitment and activation of other cells, supporting the response to pathogenic microorganisms and completing the inflammatory process, thus exhibiting a systemic effect. For the successful use of AMPs in medical practice, it is necessary to study their immunomodulatory activity in detail, taking into account their pleiotropy. The degree of maturity of the immune system and microenvironment can contribute to the prevention of complications and increase the effectiveness of therapy, since AMPs can suppress inflammation in some circumstances, but aggravate the response and damage of organism in others. It should also be taken into account that the real functions of one or another AMP depend on the types of total regulatory effects on the target cell, and not only on properties of an individual peptide. A wide spectrum of biological activity, including direct effects on pathogens, inactivation of bacterial toxins and influence on immunocompetent cells, has attracted the attention of researchers, however, the cytostatic activity of AMPs against normal cells, as well as their allergenic properties and low stability to host proteases, are serious limitations for the medical use of AMPs. In this connection, the tasks of searching for compounds that selectively affect the target and development of an appropriate method of application become critically important. The scope of this review is to summarize the current concepts and newest advances in research of the immunomodulatory activity of natural and synthetic AMPs, and to examine the prospects and limitations of their medical use.

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“…Airway inflammation in asthma patients could be transmitted to the central nervous system resulting in the secretion of mediators in the airway nerves, which could play critical roles in neuroimmune interactions and worsen airway inflammation. 28 Furthermore, psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety, could exacerbate asthmatic bronchoconstriction by altering the function of the brain's regions involved in respiratory control. 29 These observations thus suggest that nerves could be involved in the modulation of asthmatic airway events, as the brain must transmit stress-and mood-related stimuli from the environment, hence signaling inflammatory mechanisms in the lungs and exacerbating the underlying disease.…”

Section: Economic Burden Of Asthmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Economic Burden, and Neurophenotype of Asthma

Cai¹,

Zhao²,

Lv³

et al. 2022

Explor Res Hypothesis Med

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Asthma has become a serious global public health issue affecting approximately 14% of children worldwide. Asthma patients often accompany various mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and panic attacks, which could aggravate asthma symptoms. It can be summarized that in addition to pathological cellular and molecular immune processes, asthma also has a neural phenotype. The first part of this review summarizes the prevalence and economic burden of asthma in recent years. Then, the neurophenotype of asthma is described in terms of brain structural changes, molecular expression, and prevalence. Our literature search shows that the frontal lobe plays an essential role in asthma-related neurophenotypes. Finally, we assume that an electroencephalogram signal could be one of the directions of asthma neurophenotype diagnosis.

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Regulatory Peptides in Asthma

Cited by 20 publications

References 255 publications

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Obesity-Related Male Hypogonadism

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Obesity-Related Male Hypogonadism

Immunomodulatory and Allergenic Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides

Prevalence, Economic Burden, and Neurophenotype of Asthma

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