Regulatory reform and market development in power sectors of transition economies: the case of Kazakhstan

Post-socialist energy reforms in critical perspective: Entangled boundaries, scales and trajectories of change

“…The ultimate purpose, and justification, of all such policies was to allow for energy enterprises to compete with each other in a marketbased environment, where prices would reflect longterm marginal costs. In their most narrow form, they were primarily meant to be applied to electricity operations -where there was a longer experience of regulating utilities through this approach based on past UK and US policies -though it was expected that the same set of principles could also be implemented in the oil, gas and district heating sectors in a modified form (Hughes, 1991;World Bank, 1999;Kennedy, 2002;Brendow, 2003).…”

Electricity demand in Kazakhstan

“…10 Enhanced oil and gas recovery methods that have considerable energy requirements are not practiced in Kazakhstan. Large-scale oil and gas production began in Kazakhstan in 1996-98. in Kazakhstan are governed by public regulation and excess capacity in electricity generation in Kazakhstan is well documented (Kennedy, 2002). As a result, a reducedform demand equation provides a reasonable specification of the demand relation.…”

Energy, Wealth and Governance in the Caucasus and Central Asia

“…By contrast, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan export almost exclusively natural resources to other Central Asian countries. 7 Another way to state this is to consider intra-regional trade flows net of the annual bilateral energy barter arrangements between upstream and downstream countries regarding the allocation of water quotas for the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers (see Kennedy 2003). The data in Table 9.3 suggest that net of such barter trade, intra-regional trade of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan is virtually zero.…”