Regulatory reform of seed systems: Benefits and impacts from a mungbean case study in Nepal

Joshi, K.D.; Khanal, Narayan Prasad; Harris, D.; Khanal, Nityananda; Sapkota, A.; Khadka, Kamal; Darai, Rajendra; Neupane, R K; Joshi, Matina; Witcombe, J. R.

doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.011

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In the same region, 41% of the small rural establishments utilize openpollinated cultivars (Canci et al 2004), many under agroecological management. Considerable part of the improved openpollinated cultivars, in opposition to the traditional landraces, is breed using participatory methods, which, in addition to the advantage of being adapted to the local environment, are adopted much earlier than cultivars breed in conventional systems (Joshi et al 2014), so as having a much lower cost. Besides assuming the relative small share in Brazil's total production, they play a considerable role as source of genetic diversity, cultural heritage, and suitable option for marginal areas, which are usually more susceptible to abiotic stresses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yield stability and lower susceptibility to abiotic stresses of improved open-pollinated and hybrid maize cultivars

Lana

Eulenstein

Schlindwein

et al. 2017

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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Maize is one of the world's most important cereals, cultivated in a wide range of environments. Besides the importance of maize and the gains in yield from selection schemes, commercial breeding drastically reduced the number of cultivars of this crop. Current common sense states that hybrids, when compared to open-pollinated cultivars, are a better adaptation strategy to cope with the impacts of climate change. However, the performance and resilience of cultivars with different levels of improvement are still not explored in this context. Four cultivars-a commercial hybrid, one commercially improved open-pollinated, one improved openpollinated derived from participatory breeding, and one from a farmer's selection-were tested using the CERES-Maize crop model. Field experiments conducted in Brazil were used for calibration and evaluation. Synthetic scenarios of climate change resulted from the application of the incremental method on historical series of observations (30 years), with temperature increments ranging from +0.5 up to +3.0°C and precipitation changes from −30 up to +30%. Planting dates consisted in nine dates (August 1-December 1, each 15 days).Results demonstrate that the model could mimic the phenology and yield of two improved open-pollinated cultivars (MPA01 and Fortuna) and the hybrid (AS1548). One openpollinated cultivar could not be validated due to its high phenotypic variability. Yield response surfaces showed distinct impacts among cultivars, with improved open-pollinated cultivar MPA01 having a higher yield stability when compared to the hybrid. Early planting dates produced lower yields with higher risk of crop failure for all cultivars. Late planting dates produced higher yields with higher failure risk. Considering risk and yield, the best planting window for all cultivars and scenarios is between September and October. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that improved open-pollinated cultivars are equivalent or more resilient than hybrids to yield changes under different scenarios of abiotic stresses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yield stability and lower susceptibility to abiotic stresses of improved open-pollinated and hybrid maize cultivars

Lana

Eulenstein

Schlindwein

et al. 2017

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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“…In some cases, release takes place many years after they are first tested. For example, in Bangladesh BRRI dhan29 was released after at least 15 years of testing (Joshi et al ., 2014) and rice variety Hardinath-1 was released 17 years after its introduction in Nepal (Joshi et al ., 2012) and Ghaiya-1 (IR44595) 20 years after (NARC, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adoption of Rice Varieties – I. Age of Varieties and Patterns of Variability

Witcombe

Khadka²,

Puri³

et al. 2016

Ex. Agric.

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SUMMARYFarmers who continue to grow old and obsolete varieties do not gain the benefits they could get from growing newer ones. Given the potential large scale of these foregone benefits, relatively few studies have examined the age of varieties that farmers grow. In three surveys, members of over 3300 households were interviewed to find the rice varieties they grew in 2008 and 2011 in 18 districts in the Terai, the low-altitude region of Nepal. This provided the first description of detailed geographical patterns of adoption of rice varieties and their ages that were repeated over time. There were large differences between district and individual varieties that showed specific geographical patterns of adoption. Such detailed knowledge on spatial diversity of varieties is invaluable for planning extension activities and developing breeding programmes, and cheaper ways than household surveys of collecting this information are discussed. Some of the factors considered important in determining this complex pattern of adoption were seed availability, growing environments that differed from east to west and the continued popularity of varieties once they had established markets. Rice diversity was low because a small number of rice varieties occupied large areas. In 2011, nine varieties covered at least 75% of the total rice area in western districts, just four in central districts and eight in eastern districts. Of these, most were released before 1995 resulting in a high average age of the predominant varieties – they always had an average age of over 20 years no matter which region or year was considered. Even though there were some large changes in varietal composition from 2008 to 2011, the average age of the predominant varieties remained almost the same. In a second paper in this series, we examine how these very low varietal replacement rates, that reduce yields and increase risk to farmers, can be accelerated using a participatory research for development approach called Informal Research and Development (IRD) (Joshi et al., 2012).

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“…In other words, the paradigm shift is not really of technical nature, but aims at involving the field of social sciences. In a very clear case study (mungbean in Nepal), Joshi et al (2014) argue that the classical regulatory aspects of the seed system impairs the speed of diffusion of the genetic innovations, when compared to the implication of an "Informal Research and Development" community deeply related with the PPB approach. However, one might suspect that the difficulty here is actually connected with the fact that, as for human diseases, there are some orphan threats for which neither the seed industry nor the governmental organizations are taking charge.…”

Section: What Is Really At Stake Comes From Societal Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative breeding processes: at which extent Participatory Breeding should modify the concept of ideotypes in plant breeding?

Vincourt

Carolo²

2018

OCL

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The Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB) concept emerged twenty years ago, particularly with the aim to build alternative organizations of the plant breeding activities in developing countries. It now as well questions the developed countries, in the frame of a more global expectation to make all the stakeholders more involved in the agricultural production, from the farmers to its final clients. We discuss here some of the questions addressed by this trend with regard to the definition of the ideotype: (a) different forms of PPB? (b) changing the paradigm: Client Oriented Breeding? (c) a new way to manage {genotype * environment} interactions? (d) mainly societal concerns at stake? (e) biodiversity and ideotypes. As the same key, technical, limiting factors are involved in both PPB and classical breeding, it is suggested to consider PPB as one of the ways in the frame of a general expectation for diversification, thus eventually resulting in the promotion of alternative ideotypes, rather than an alternative process.

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Regulatory reform of seed systems: Benefits and impacts from a mungbean case study in Nepal

Cited by 21 publications

References 14 publications

Yield stability and lower susceptibility to abiotic stresses of improved open-pollinated and hybrid maize cultivars

Yield stability and lower susceptibility to abiotic stresses of improved open-pollinated and hybrid maize cultivars

Adoption of Rice Varieties – I. Age of Varieties and Patterns of Variability

Alternative breeding processes: at which extent Participatory Breeding should modify the concept of ideotypes in plant breeding?

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