Regulatory T Cells and Their Derived Cell Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Therapeutics Against Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

Caused by the loss in the tolerance against self‐antigens, autoimmune diseases are chronic disorders that impact millions of individuals annually with significant economic burden. They are triggered by a deficiency in the quantity or function of regulatory T (Treg) cells, which are essential for maintaining self‐tolerance and preventing excessive immune responses. Several clinical trials over the past decade have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of certain Treg cell‐based therapies against autoimmune diseases, inspiring optimism among patients. Studies have indicated that targeted cell pharmaceuticals are significantly promising, offering superior targeting, improved biocompatibility, and prolonged blood circulation. Thus, Treg cell‐based delivery systems are also extensively studied. This review describes the role of Treg cells in the immune system both in homeostasis and in the development of autoimmunity, purification and expansion methods, derived cell pharmaceutical therapies, and the therapeutic potential for autoimmune diseases, beneficial to accelerating the industrialization and clinical translation of formulations based on Treg cells.