Regulatory TR3-56 Cells in the Complex Panorama of Immune Activation and Regulation

Abstract

The interplay between immune activation and immune regulation is a fundamental aspect of the functional harmony of the immune system. This delicate balance is essential to triggering correct and effective immune responses against pathogens while preventing excessive inflammation and the immunopathogenic mechanisms of autoimmunity. The knowledge of all the mechanisms involved in immune regulation is not yet definitive, and, probably, the overall picture is much broader than what has been described in the scientific literature so far. Given the plasticity of the immune system and the diversity of organisms, it is highly probable that numerous other cells and molecules are still to be ascribed to the immune regulation process. Here, we report a general overview of how immune activation and regulation interact, based on the involvement of molecules and cells specifically dedicated to these processes. In addition, we discuss the role of TR3-56 lymphocytes as a new cellular candidate in the immune regulation landscape.

Investigating the causal relationship between immune cell and Alzheimer’s disease: a mendelian randomization analysis

“…Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, regulate the expression of genes involved in immune responses and neurodegeneration [ 19 , 20 ]. Checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), are involved in regulating immune responses and preventing excessive immune activation [ 21 ]. Neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are secreted by immune cells and affect neuronal survival, differentiation, and function [ 22 ].…”