“…Next, teachers use the gradual release of responsibility model (Pearson & Gallagher, 1983) to initially provide students with explicit instruction through teacher modeling (Barr et al, 2012;Comber, 2013;Monroe & Troia, 2006;Narkon & Wells, 2013;Patel & Laud, 2009). Overwhelmingly though, the majority of studies connected explicit 12 instruction in with vocabulary instruction (Barr et al, 2012;Calderon et al, 2011;Coyne et al, 2010;Facella et al, 2005;Francis, Rivera, Lesaux, Kieffer, & Rivera;Gersten et al, 2007;Goldenberg;2013;Greenleaf & Hinchman, 2009;McIntyre & Hulan, 2013;Roberts et al, 2008). Effective and explicit vocabulary instruction includes exposure to target words over several days (through reading, writing, and speaking opportunities) with the goal being students' rich understanding so they can use these words in their productive vocabulary (Gersten et al, 2007).…”