Reinfection by SARS CoV2 in Valle Del Cauca, Colombia: A Descriptive Retrospective Study

Abstract

Introduction: In coronavirus cases, reinfection has been associated with short-term immunity and genetic changes in viruses which allow them to escape from immune response, viral genotyping is required to make the precise diagnosis of reinfection, but the suspicion occurs in patients with more than 90 days between the tests and total improvement between them. We made a descriptive retrospective study with the cases of reinfection in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Results: We found up to June 30, 3249 cases with suspected reinfection, 1.1% of all cases. During the first infection episode, 68% of the patients had symptoms, while at the moment of reinfection, the percentage was 73.4%. 55% of the analyzed cases had symptoms in both infection episodes, hospitalization of reinfection cases was 2% during the first episode and 2.2% in the second one. Conclusion: the reinfection percentage was low, as well as the hospitalization and ICU cases. These results allow to define that in terms of the provision of healthcare services, reinfection defined in this study, does not generate any differences in care required vs the first episode.

Sensitivity profile of pathogens identified in the diagnosis of urinary infection by uroculture carried out at the National Institute for Health Research, Luanda/Angola, during the pre - pandemic, intra - pandemic and post - pandemic of COVID 19

“…It was found that during the pandemic phase, resistance to the drugs under study decreased (Klebsiella pneumoniae, producer of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase [ESBL], 32% pre-pandemic to 24% post-pandemic; K. pneumoniae, resistant to carbapenems, from 4% to a differential of 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistant to carbapenems, from 12% to 8%; Acinetobacter baumann, resistant to carbapenems, from 12% to 8%); Pneumoniae, resistant to carbapenems, from 4% to a differential of 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistant to carbapenems, from 12% to 8%; Acinetobacter baumannii, resistant to carbapenems, 23% to 9%), while Enteroccus faecium increased its resistance to vancomycin from (42% to 57%). When S. aureus was analyzed, there were no changes in the methicillin resistance rate, [24]. Studies carried out in Peru have shown high rates of resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin and nitrofurantoin at a rate of 72.6%, 82.3% and 88.7%, respectively.…”

“…Antimicrobial resistance profiles have in some cases converged with regard to betalactams, with high sensitivities to cephalosporins and second and third generation quinolones. According to [24], in Colombia, uroculture studies were carried out before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, using different types of drugs such as ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin [25]. It was found that during the pandemic phase, resistance to the drugs under study decreased (Klebsiella pneumoniae, producer of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase [ESBL], 32% pre-pandemic to 24% post-pandemic; K. pneumoniae, resistant to carbapenems, from 4% to a differential of 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistant to carbapenems, from 12% to 8%; Acinetobacter baumann, resistant to carbapenems, from 12% to 8%); Pneumoniae, resistant to carbapenems, from 4% to a differential of 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistant to carbapenems, from 12% to 8%; Acinetobacter baumannii, resistant to carbapenems, 23% to 9%), while Enteroccus faecium increased its resistance to vancomycin from (42% to 57%).…”

Coinfections and Superinfections Associated with COVID-19 in Colombia: A Narrative Review

“…The use of antibiotics in these cases aims to treat concurrent bacterial infections or prevent their occurrence in patients with compromised immune systems, particularly those who are in a severe condition [ 83 ]. In their study on antibiotic resistance during COVID-19 in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, Hurtado et al [ 4 ] analyzed data from 31 hospitals and compared antibiotic resistance and consumption before (March 2018 to July 2019) and during (March 2020 to July 2021) the pandemic. The results showed an increase in the total number of bacterial isolates during the pandemic, accompanied by a significant decrease in resistance for four bug–drug combinations.…”

“…This new coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a virus containing a genome with 29,903 nucleotides and 29 proteins, belonging to the family Coronaviridae, subfamily Coronavirinae, and is the main cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome, also known as COVID-19 [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. By the end of 2021 and early 2022, COVID-19 had infected 224 million people, and 4.6 million had died globally [ 4 ].…”