Reinfection of Nine-Valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Types Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

ObjectivesReinfection of human papillomavirus (HPV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) after clearing the infection of HPV has not been well characterized. To understand the reinfection of HPV among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative MSM without HPV vaccine, we analyzed the reinfection of nine-valent HPV vaccine (9v-HPV) types.MethodsData were acquired from a prospective cohort study among HIV-negative MSM in Urumqi of Xinjiang from 1 April 2016 to 14 July 2020. Participants were recruited through a local non-government organization using a website advertisement. Self-administered questionnaires and self-collected anal swabs were collected at baseline and every 6 months. The incidence rates of reinfection was calculated based on the number of events divided by person-months of observation of event risk. 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated based on the Poisson distribution.ResultsA total of 515 HIV-negative unvaccinated MSM were included with a mean age of 30.93 years (SD 7.85), and 27.68% were reinfected with any 9v-HPV type after clearance. The reinfection incidence rate of any 9v-HPV was 14.47 per 1000 person-months (95% CI: 11.52–17.87). HPV52 was the most common type of reinfection, with a reinfection rate of 17.96 per 1,000 person months (95% CI: 11.58–26.33). Univariate analysis showed that MSM over the age of 30 had a slightly higher risk of reinfection with any 9v-HPV (Hazard ratio (HR): 1.57; 95% CI: 1.01–2.45), but no significant association was observed in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsOur study showed MSM without HPV vaccine will become reinfected following the natural clearance of specific HPV types. It is also suggested that HPV vaccination is recommended not only prior to sexual debut but also after viral clearance for MSM to reduce HPV prevalence.

Incidence, clearance, and factors associated with anal human papilloma virus infection among men with HIV

“…We also found that the incidence rate among HIV-positive homosexual men in this study was lower than that of MSM in Guangdong, China (29.6 vs. 37.6 cases/100 person-years) [16], which had a younger study population. The incidence rate of HPV16 and HPV18 were lower than those of HIV-negative MSM in Xinjiang, China (2.3 vs. 10.6 and 1.4 vs. 5.2 per 100 person-years) [17]. These differences supported that the HPV incidence in men differed by age, region, and HIV status [7].…”