Reinforcement enhancing effects of acute nicotine via electronic cigarettes

Perkins, Kenneth A.; Karelitz, Joshua L.; Michael, Valerie C.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.041

Cited by 26 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Mostly similar to our prior studies of nicotine via tobacco smoking, reinforced responding for the video reward, but not for the other rewards (including music), was greater after the nicotine versus placebo e-cigarette (Figure 1D), confirming some reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine per se administered in a non-smoked formulation (49). Also as in study 3, no differences were seen due to behavioral effects of e-cigarette use per se without nicotine (i.e., responding due to the placebo e-cigarette in comparison with the no e-cigarette session).…”

Section: Assessment Of Nicotine’s Reinforcement-enhancing Effects In supporting

confidence: 86%

Nicotine Acutely Enhances Reinforcement from Non-Drug Rewards in Humans

Perkins¹,

Karelitz²,

Boldry³

2017

Front. Psychiatry

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Preclinical research documents that, aside from the primary and secondary reinforcing effects of nicotine intake itself, nicotine also acutely enhances the reinforcing efficacy of non-drug reinforcers ("rewards"). Study of these effects in humans has largely been overlooked, but very recent findings suggest they may have clinical implications for more fully understanding the persistence of tobacco dependence. This overview first outlines the topic and notes some recent human studies indirectly addressing nicotine effects on related responses (e.g., subjective ratings), explaining why those findings do not directly confirm enhancement of behavioral reinforcement per se due to nicotine. Then, the methodology used in the subsequently presented studies is described, demonstrating how those studies specifically did demonstrate enhancement of reinforced responding for non-drug rewards. The main section focuses on the limited controlled research to date directly assessing nicotine's acute reinforcement-enhancing effects in humans, particularly as it relates to reinforced behavioral responding for non-drug rewards in non-human animal models. After detailing those few existing human studies, we address potential consequences of these effects for dependence and tobacco cessation efforts and then suggest directions for future research. This research indicates that nicotine per se increases responding in humans that is reinforced by some rewards (auditory stimuli via music, visual stimuli via video), but perhaps not by others (e.g., money). These reinforcement-enhancing effects in smokers are not due to dependence or withdrawal relief and can be restored by a small amount of nicotine (similar to a smoking lapse), including from e-cigarettes, a non-tobacco nicotine product. Future clinical research should examine factors determining which types of rewards are (or are not) enhanced by nicotine, consequences of the loss of these nicotine effects after quitting smoking, potential individual differences in these effects, and the possibility that nicotine via nicotine replacement therapy and non-nicotine quit medications may attenuate loss of these effects upon quitting. Further study with humans of nicotine's reinforcement-enhancing effects may provide a more complete understanding of smoking persistence and added mechanisms of cessation medication efficacy.

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Section: Assessment Of Nicotine’s Reinforcement-enhancing Effects In supporting

confidence: 86%

Nicotine Acutely Enhances Reinforcement from Non-Drug Rewards in Humans

Perkins¹,

Karelitz²,

Boldry³

2017

Front. Psychiatry

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“…651,652 Twenty-four studies have examined the subjective effects of vaping. 193,195–197,199,203,206–209,211,221–223,225,232,239,264,300,303,328,330,335,360,427,429,529,540,653,654,658–660 These studies indicate vaping decreases adverse symptoms related to smoking abstinence (e.g., craving/urges to smoke, irritability) 197,199,206–208,222,223,330,360,540,659 and increases ratings of satisfaction/pleasantness. 195,197,199,222,223,225,335 Though some smokers find ENDS less reinforcing 195 and satisfying than cigarettes, 239,344 second-generation devices are more satisfying than first-generation devices.…”

Section: Evidence Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review

Glasser

Collins

Pearson

et al. 2017

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

420

332

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Context Rapid developments in e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and the evolution of the overall tobacco product marketplace warrant frequent evaluation of the published literature. The purpose of this article is to report updated findings from a comprehensive review of the published scientific literature on ENDS. Evidence acquisition The authors conducted a systematic review of published empirical research literature on ENDS through May 31, 2016, using a detailed search strategy in the PubMed electronic database, expert review, and additional targeted searches. Included studies presented empirical findings and were coded to at least one of nine topics: (1) Product Features; (2) Health Effects; (3) Consumer Perceptions; (4) Patterns of Use; (5) Potential to Induce Dependence; (6) Smoking Cessation; (7) Marketing and Communication; (8) Sales; and (9) Policies; reviews and commentaries were excluded. Data from included studies were extracted by multiple coders (October 2015 to August 2016) into a standardized form and synthesized qualitatively by topic. Evidence synthesis There were 686 articles included in this systematic review. The majority of studies assessed patterns of ENDS use and consumer perceptions of ENDS, followed by studies examining health effects of vaping and product features. Conclusions Studies indicate that ENDS are increasing in use, particularly among current smokers, pose substantially less harm to smokers than cigarettes, are being used to reduce/quit smoking, and are widely available. More longitudinal studies and controlled trials are needed to evaluate the impact of ENDS on population-level tobacco use and determine the health effects of longer-term vaping.

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“…Yet, we did not obtain independent verification of nicotine delivery from ours, such as by testing the concentrations in e-liquid or in intermittent plasma samples from participants. The nicotine and placebo versions we used, “Rawhide Red (Tobacco)” for non-menthol and “Freeport (Menthol)” for menthol, were those showing nicotine’s acute reinforcement enhancing effects (Perkins, Karelitz, & Michael, 2015). We also selected them to closely match typical tobacco flavorings, given the lack of experience with e-cigarettes and unfamiliarity with other flavors in these participants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nicotine versus placebo e-cigarette use on symptom relief during initial tobacco abstinence.

Perkins¹,

Karelitz²,

Michael³

2017

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Because electronic cigarettes (“e-cigs”) containing nicotine may relieve smoking abstinence symptoms similar to NRT medication, we used within-subjects designs to test these effects with a first-generation e-cig in non-quitting and quitting smokers. In Study 1, 28 non-treatment seeking smokers abstained overnight prior to each of 3 sessions. MNWS withdrawal (and craving item) relief was assessed following 4 exposures (each 10 puffs) over 2 hrs to e-cigs that either did (36 mg/ml) or did not (i.e. placebo, 0 mg/ml) contain nicotine, or after no e-cig. Relief was greater after nicotine vs. placebo e-cig (p<.05), but not after placebo vs. no e-cig, showing relief was due to nicotine per se and not simple e-cig use behavior. Using a cross-over design in Study 2, smokers preparing to quit soon engaged in two experimental 4-day quit periods on separate weeks. In weeks 1 and 3, all received a nicotine or placebo e-cigarette on Mon to use ad lib while trying to abstain from smoking on Tues–Fri. (Week 2 involved resumption of ad lib smoking.) MNWS and QSU craving were assessed at daily visits following 24-hr abstinence. Of 17 enrolled, 12 quit for ≥ 24 hr at least once, allowing test of relief due to e-cig use on quit days. Withdrawal and craving were reduced due to nicotine vs placebo e-cig use (both p<.05). In sum, compared to placebo e-cigs, nicotine e-cigs can relieve smoking abstinence symptoms, perhaps in a manner similar to FDA-approved NRT products, although much more research with larger samples is needed.

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Reinforcement enhancing effects of acute nicotine via electronic cigarettes

Cited by 26 publications

References 34 publications

Nicotine Acutely Enhances Reinforcement from Non-Drug Rewards in Humans

Nicotine Acutely Enhances Reinforcement from Non-Drug Rewards in Humans

Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review

Effects of nicotine versus placebo e-cigarette use on symptom relief during initial tobacco abstinence.

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