Reinforcement methods for compression perpendicular to grain in top/bottom plates of light timber frames

Alinoori, Farnaz; Moshiri, Farzad; Sharafi, Pezhman; Samali, Bijan

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.103

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Because of how they are made, LSL products have limited expansion when the weather changes because of their low equilibrium moisture content and uniform density (Sandberg et al 2023). LSL is ideal for framing and other load-bearing applications because of its dimensional stability, which also contributes to its high nail and screw holding capability (Alinoori et al 2020;Sandberg et al 2023). LSLs are strong and stable in their dimensions, and they also insulate well against sound and heat.…”

Section: Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laminated strand lumber (LSL) potential of Hungarian and Central European hardwoods: a review

Hasan,

Bak,

Ahmed

et al. 2023

Eur. J. Wood Prod.

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This review paper discusses the potential of laminated strand lumber (LSL) as a structural and building material, with a focus on Hungarian hardwoods such as Turkey oak, hornbeam, beech, and domestic poplar. LSL is an engineered wood product made from thin strands of wood that are glued together in layers. The study compares the physical and mechanical properties of LSL made from these hardwood species with those of other conventional structural materials. In addition, the paper discusses various aspects of LSL such as thermal, morphological, and durability, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the LSL material. Furthermore, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis is conducted to understand the strengths and weaknesses of LSL products. This analysis sheds light on the pros and cons of utilizing LSL crafted from certain hardwoods and provides suggestions for improving their performance in various settings. Overall, the report demonstrates the potential of utilizing LSL made from these particular hardwood species and offers recommendations for future studies to benefit LSL manufacturers and researchers significantly.

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Section: Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laminated strand lumber (LSL) potential of Hungarian and Central European hardwoods: a review

Hasan,

Bak,

Ahmed

et al. 2023

Eur. J. Wood Prod.

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“…Therefore, due to the voids in fiber lumens, there is a trend for flattening in the compressed region of the test specimen (Navi and Heger 2011;Mania et al 2020). The perpendicular-to-grain assay, aims to evaluate the material for specific end uses such as decks, railway sleepers, and parquet flooring (Alinoori et al 2020). With this test, it is possible to predict the risk of the wood undergoing crushing of fibers during elastic deformation under static stress (Kloiber et al 2015).…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physico-mechanical properties of the wood of freijó, Cordia goeldiana (Boraginacea), produced in a multi-stratified agroforestry system in the southwestern Amazon

et al. 2021

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Agroforestry systems (AFSs) integrate, through sustainable practices, agricultural and forest crops for the production of wood and food, providing environmental services, and conserving biodiversity. The freijó (Cordia goeldiana) has potential for cultivation in the Amazon for timber purposes, but data on the characteristics of its wood produced in AFSs are scarce. Our objective was to determine the physical-mechanical properties and suggest technological applications of freijó wood produced in a multi-stratified AFS established in the state of Rondônia, Brazil in 1996. Agricultural and forest species were established in the AFS in double rows with 5.0-m x 2.5-m spacing. Three 19-year-old freijó trees were harvested for chemical, physical (density and dimensional stability), and mechanical (compression, static bending, Janka hardness, and shear strength) characterization of the wood. The wood presented a chemical composition similar to tropical hardwoods, was moderately heavy (582.63 kg m-3), and had high dimensional stability in comparison with other consecrated woods on the market (longitudinal, radial, and tangential retraction = 0.25, 4.27, and 6.83%, respectively). The values determined for parallel (32.32 MPa) and perpendicular compression (8.02 MPa), specific strength (55.32 MPa kg-1 m-3), parallel (2373.33 N) and perpendicular Janka hardness (2326.67 N), strength to static bending (63.5 MPa), and shear (5.94 MPa) were similar to the values observed in other high-density tropical woods grown in either monoculture plantations or natural forests. The wood under study is suitable for manufacture of high-value-added products, such as fine furniture, residential floors, musical instruments and structural pieces.

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“…These limitations are solved in a wide variety of ways. In particular, resistance to bio-damage and fire protection is increased by impregnating wood with various compositions, strength can be increased by reinforcing beams and nodes, and brittle failure can be avoided by reinforcing the structures [17][18][19]. The resistance of buildings and structures against earthquakes and progressive collapse can be significantly increased by using steel cables [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Span Composite Timber Beams with Rational Steel Reinforcements

et al. 2021

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Wooden multi-span beams with steel reinforcement were studied experimentally on a stationary stand using an eight-point loading scheme that simulated a load uniformly distributed over the beam span. The studies were carried out on beams with a span of 4.8 m with a cross-sectional area of 40 mm × 80 mm, reinforced in the stretched zones of the cross-section with rods made of hot-rolled steel reinforcement of A400 class. The rational zones for the location of reinforcements in the tensioned and compressed zones of the beams were determined. The rational placements of reinforcement in the support and span zones was based on the numerical simulation of the volumetric stress state calculated using the finite element method. It was experimentally confirmed that the failure of wood composite beams had a plastic nature and occurred only along normal sections. This excluded the possibility of brittle fracture from shear stresses and ensured the operational reliability of structures as a whole. It was shown that the proposed rational reinforcement of wooden beams increased their bearing capacity by 175% and reduced bearing deformability by 85%. The results obtained indicated high efficiency of the application of the developed method of reinforcement in beams of roofs and floors of buildings.

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Reinforcement methods for compression perpendicular to grain in top/bottom plates of light timber frames

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Laminated strand lumber (LSL) potential of Hungarian and Central European hardwoods: a review

Laminated strand lumber (LSL) potential of Hungarian and Central European hardwoods: a review

Physico-mechanical properties of the wood of freijó, Cordia goeldiana (Boraginacea), produced in a multi-stratified agroforestry system in the southwestern Amazon

Multi-Span Composite Timber Beams with Rational Steel Reinforcements

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