Reinforcement of an alternative behavior as a model of recovery and relapse in the rat

Ginsburg, Brett C.; Lamb, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.004

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Because these differing viewpoints suggest differing therapeutic approaches, future experiments need to be designed not only to address the knowledge gaps outlined, but also to examine the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms by which learning results in addictive behavior and relapse. Such experiments will benefit from the use of experimental models using procedures other than extinction to suppress drug use ( e.g ., Panllilio et al 2003; Ginsburg & Lamb 2013a,b), as these other models appear to be more relevant to the processes operating in relapse and recovery (see Lamb et al submitted). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One possibility is a ceiling effect, i.e ., when drug is available, behavior is at its maximum level. Ginsburg & Lamb (2013a,b) argued that suppressing ethanol-maintained behavior through the reinforcement of alternative behavior is a better way to study relapse and recovery; and a way that could conceivably prevent such ceiling effects. Similarly, Panlillo et al (2003) argued that suppressing drug self-administration by punishing responding for drug provides is a more valid model for studying relapse to drug-taking.…”

Section: Cs-elicited Increases In Actual Drug Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps the reason that such increases in drug-taking have not been observed following presentation of a drug-paired CS relates to either examining CS-effects on behavior in which responding is in extinction and no increases in drug-taking can be seen, or studying the effects of the drug-paired CS on responding that is not suppressed. This possibility argues for studying the effects of drug-paired CSs under conditions in which responding is suppressed, but increases in responding results in increases in drug-taking (Panlillo et al 2003; Ginsburg & Lamb 2013a,b). Thirdly, the specificity of ethanol-paired CS increases in responding for ethanol has been questioned.…”

Section: Knowledge Gapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conditioned stimuli’s role in relapse: preclinical research on Pavlovian-Instrumental-Transfer

2016

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Rationale and Objective Pavlovian learning is central to many theories of addiction. In these theories, stimuli paired with drug ingestion become Conditioned Stimuli (CS) and subsequently elicit drug-seeking and -taking. However in most relevant studies, Pavlovian and instrumental learning are confounded. This confound may be avoided in Pavlovian-Instrumental-Transfer (PIT) procedures. In PIT, Pavlovian and instrumental learning are established separately, and then combined. In order to better understand the role of CSs in addiction, we review the relevant studies using PIT. Findings We identified seven articles examining PIT effects of ethanol- or cocaine-paired CSs. Under at least one condition six of these articles reported CS-elicited increases in responding previously maintained by drug. However, the only study using the optimal control condition failed to find a CS-elicited increase. Two studies examining CS specificity found the CS also increased responding maintained by a different reinforcer. Two studies examined if CSs elicit increases in actual drug-taking. Both failed to find CS-elicited increases, i.e., no study shows CS-elicited increases in actual drug-taking. Further, CS-elicited increases in extinguished responding are short-lived. Conclusions These findings are not entirely consistent with Pavlovian learning playing a central role in addiction. However, design issues can explain most of these inconsistencies. Studies without these design issues are needed. Additionally, existing theories hypothesize drug-paired CSs increase drug-taking by increasing motivation, by eliciting conditioned responses that make drug-seeking more probable, or by a combination of these. Work distinguishing between these mechanisms would also be useful.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cs-elicited Increases In Actual Drug Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Knowledge Gapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conditioned stimuli’s role in relapse: preclinical research on Pavlovian-Instrumental-Transfer

2016

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“…Recently, a DRA procedure has been adapted to examine recovery in a preclinical model (Ginsburg & Lamb 2013a, b). In this procedure, rats are trained on a multiple concurrent schedule.…”

Section: Modeling Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of choice, and vulnerability and recovery in addiction

Lamb

Maguire

Ginsburg

et al. 2016

Behavioural Processes

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Addiction may be viewed as choice governed by competing contingencies. One factor impacting choice, particularly as it relates to addiction, is sensitivity to delayed rewards. Discounting of delayed rewards influences addiction vulnerability because of competition between relatively immediate gains of drug use, e.g. intoxication, versus relatively remote gains of abstinence, e.g. family stability. Factors modifying delay sensitivity can be modeled in the laboratory. For instance, increased delay sensitivity can be similarly observed in adolescent humans and non-human animals. Similarly, genetic factors influence delay sensitivity in humans and animals. Recovery from addiction may also be viewed as choice behavior. Thus, reinforcing alternative behavior facilitates recovery because reinforcing alternative behavior decreases the frequency of using drugs. How reinforcing alternative behavior influences recovery can also be modeled in the laboratory. For instance, relapse risk decreases as abstinence duration increases, and this decreasing risk can be modeled in animals using choice procedures. In summary, addiction in many respects can be conceptualized as a problem of choice. Animal models of choice disorders stand to increase our understanding of the core processes that establish and maintain addiction and serve as a proving ground for development of novel treatments.

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“…1) Behavioral testing of animals is the classic approach for monitoring the rewarding effects of these drugs and is indispensable for dissecting the mechanisms underlying drug addiction. 2,3) The conditioned place preference (CPP) model detects the rewarding effect of drugs after a conditioning procedure that builds an enforced connection between the motivational effect of addictive drugs and the place where the drug is administered.…”

Section: Cannabinoid-elicited Conditioned Place Preference In a Modifiedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoid-Elicited Conditioned Place Preference in a Modified Behavioral Paradigm

Liu

Zheng

Qian

et al. 2016

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Cannabinoids are the active ingredients in marijuana, which is among the most widely used addictive drugs despite the well-documented harmfulness related to its abuse. The mechanism underlying cannabinoid addiction remains unclear, which is attributed partially to the difficulty in behavioral testing of high-dose cannabinoids using the conditioned place preference (CPP) model. Here, we optimized conditions for establishing CPP with the synthetic cannabinoid HU210 intraperitoneally administered at a high dose. We found that the natural place preference of rats could be exploited for establishing a biased CPP model, and that the adverse effect of HU210 could be ameliorated by adding four daily pre-injections before the conditioning program. Thus, 0.1 mg/kg HU210 induced CPP when pre-injections were administered before traditional conditioning with HU210 administration paired with the non-preferred compartment. The present study provides a useful CPP model for behavioral measurement of the rewarding effects of cannabinoids.Key words cannabinoid; conditioned place preference (CPP); drug reward Psychotropic drugs are characterized by their ability to elicit a rewarding effect, which eventually leads to abuse and addiction.1) Behavioral testing of animals is the classic approach for monitoring the rewarding effects of these drugs and is indispensable for dissecting the mechanisms underlying drug addiction.2,3) The conditioned place preference (CPP) model detects the rewarding effect of drugs after a conditioning procedure that builds an enforced connection between the motivational effect of addictive drugs and the place where the drug is administered.4) The CPP model is among the most popular paradigms for drug reward research and has been used in numerous studies examining many addictive drugs. [4][5][6] Cannabinoids have been well-documented for both their addictive effects and the harmfulness of their abuse. 7) Although the rewarding effect of cannabinoids, for example, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), HU210, and other cannabinoid agonists, has been studied using the CPP paradigm, the results of these test are controversial. 3,6,8) This controversy may reflect the multiple experimental factors that affect the outcome of drug-place coupling, and the involvement of different brain regions and neurotransmitters, including the ventral tegmental area dopamine (DA) neurons as well as the glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inputs to the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, in the neural circuitry of cannabinoid reward. [9][10][11] In addition, the potential adverse effects on learning and memory and the reported anxiolytic property of cannabinoids may also underlie these discrepancies. 12,13) In the present study, the potential factors that may affect cannabinoid CPP models, such as cannabinoid doses, animal strains, and conditioning protocols, were considered and analyzed. We found CPP in response to cannabinoid administration after drug pre-injections combined with a biased protocol design. The ...

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Reinforcement of an alternative behavior as a model of recovery and relapse in the rat

Cited by 16 publications

References 35 publications

Conditioned stimuli’s role in relapse: preclinical research on Pavlovian-Instrumental-Transfer

Conditioned stimuli’s role in relapse: preclinical research on Pavlovian-Instrumental-Transfer

Determinants of choice, and vulnerability and recovery in addiction

Cannabinoid-Elicited Conditioned Place Preference in a Modified Behavioral Paradigm

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