Reinforcement of elastomers by fillers: Review of period 1967–1976

Voet, Andries

doi:10.1002/pol.1980.230150107

Cited by 104 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…This observed reinforcement in modulus and yield stress may be attributed to hydrodynamic effect [ 46,47 ] with PEDOT:PSS being the more rigid component, as well as the physical and mechanical interactions [ 50,51 ] between PEDOT:PSS and PU. These interactions, however, are not suffi cient to withstand high loads to result in stress reinforcement at high elongations.…”

Section: Effect Of Pedot:pss Loadingmentioning

confidence: 79%

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Seyedin

Razal

Innis

et al. 2014

Adv Funct Materials

259

235

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2957www.MaterialsViews.com wileyonlinelibrary.com response to be measurable in a wide range of applied strain. In practical situations, the applied strains can be as small as less than a few percent or as large as tens to hundreds of percent. Some applications where small strains are important are damage detection, structural characterisation, and fatigue studies in materials, [24][25][26] while applications such as body movement measurement, [ 16,20 ] medical monitoring, [ 18,19,27 ] and sports rehabilitation and injury prevention [ 21,28 ] require large strains sensing. This work reports for the fi rst time, the production of elastomeric composite fi bers with high electrical conductivity that are capable of monitoring wide range of applied strains (up to 260%) and can therefore be useful in applications such as strain gauge sensors in wearable bionics and stretchable electronics. The fi ber wet-spinning approach that we have developed effi ciently exploits the high stretchability of a medical grade elastomeric polyurethane (PU) and the high conductivity of PEDOT:PSS.This work contributes to the relatively unexplored production of conductive and elastomeric composite fi bers. The lack of progress in this fi eld can be attributed to the limited development of elastomeric composite formulations that contain welldispersed conducting fi llers, which are also processable by fi ber wet-spinning methods. In the limited cases where conductive fi llers such as polyaniline, [ 29 ] polythiophene [ 30 ] and carbon nanotubes [ 31 ] were utilized in the wet-spinning of conducting fi ber composites, the observed change in the electrical properties have only been marginal at large deformations. These reports also show that signifi cant amount of fi ller loading is necessary to achieve percolation of conducting networks, which was found to be detrimental to the overall mechanical properties of the composite. The most common alternative approach to produce fi bers with both elastic and conductive properties is by coating the elastomeric fi ber (some reports use yarn or textile) with a thin layer of the conducting material. This approach has been used for conductor/elastomer combinations such as polypyrrole on Tactel/Lycra [ 32 ] and nylon/Lycra [ 21 ] fabrics and PEDOT:PSS on Spandex fabric [ 23 ] to name a few, employing methods such as oxidative chemical polymerization, in situ chemical polymerization, chemical vapor deposition, and dip-coating. However, the conductive coatings produced often have poor adhesion and are less stretchy than the parent elastomer fi ber resulting in poor overall electrical and mechanical performance. [ 21,23,32 ] The surface and mechanical property mismatch between the conductive Strain-Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical ConductivityMohammad Ziabari Seyedin , Joselito M. Razal , * Peter C. Innis , and Gordon G. Wallace * It is a challenge to retain the high stretchability of an elastomer when used in polymer composites. Likewise, the high conductivit...

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Section: Effect Of Pedot:pss Loadingmentioning

confidence: 79%

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Seyedin

Razal

Innis

et al. 2014

Adv Funct Materials

259

235

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“…Such increases in stiffness are not observed for similar loading fractions of spherical carbon black or silica particles in the same matrix, thus highlighting the effect of the high aspect ratio (length/diameter) of the nanotubes. In conventional composites, the increase in the modulus has been ascribed to a hydrodynamic effect arising from the inclusion of rigid particles in the soft matrix and to an increase in the cross-linking density created by polymerfiller interactions [1,2,26,[37][38][39][40]. But the anisometry of the filler structures as well as the quality of their dispersion can greatly affect the composite performance.…”

Section: Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: Electrical and mechanical properties

Bokobza

2012

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. The influence of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNTs) contents on electrical and mechanical properties of MWNTs-reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites is studied. The volume resistivity of the composites decreases with increasing the MWNTs content and the electrical percolation threshold is reached at less than 1 phr of MWNTs (phr = parts of filler by weight per hundred parts of rubber). This is caused by the formation of conductive chains in the composites. Electrical measurements under uniaxial deformation of a composite carried out at a filler loading above the percolation threshold, indicate a gradual disconnection of the conducting network with the bulk deformation. The drop in the storage modulus G! with the shear strain amplitude (Payne effect) is also attributed to a breakdown of the filler network. Considerable improvement in the stiffness is obtained upon incorporation of MWNTs in the polymer matrix but the main factor for reinforcement of NR by MWNTs appears to be their high aspect ratio rather than strong interfacial interaction with rubber. The tensile strength and the elongation at break of the composites are reduced with regard to the unfilled sample. This is probably due to the presence of some agglomerates that increase with the nanotube content. This hypothesis is confirmed by a cyclic loading of the composites where it is seen that the deformation at break occurs at a much higher level of strain in the second stretch than in the first one. The overall significant property improvements are the result of a better nanotube dispersion attributed to the combined use of tip sonication and cyclohexane as dispersion aids during composite processing.

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“…Reinforcement of elastomers with hard fillers is a common procedure for optimization of rheological or mechanical properties [1][2][3][4][5][6] . Many ways of incorporating the filler in the bulk polymer exist, the most popular being mechanical mixing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silica nanoparticles dispersed in a self-assembled viscoelastic matrix: structure, rheology, and comparison to reinforced elastomers

Puech¹,

Mora²,

Porte³

et al. 2009

Braz. J. Phys.

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Model self-assembled networks of telechelic polymer C 18 − PEO(35k) − C 18 in water have been studied. The rheology of such transient networks has been investigated as a function of polymer concentration, and a typical percolation law has been observed. The network structure has been characterised by Small Angle Neutron Scattering in D 2 O, where the interactions between micelles formed by the hydrophobic C 18 -stickers of the polymer give rise to a peak in the scattered intensity. These model networks have then been used as a matrix for the incorporation of silica nanoparticles (R = 10 nm), and we have checked individual dispersion by scattering using contrast variation. The rheological response of the networks is considerably modified by the presence of the silica nanoparticles, and in particular an interesting dependence of the relaxation time on silica concentration has been found. The analogy in reinforcement behaviour of such a self-assembled, viscoelastic, and aqueous system with model experiments of elastomers filled with nanoparticles is discussed by comparison to a silica-latex system.

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Reinforcement of elastomers by fillers: Review of period 1967–1976

Cited by 104 publications

References 101 publications

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: Electrical and mechanical properties

Silica nanoparticles dispersed in a self-assembled viscoelastic matrix: structure, rheology, and comparison to reinforced elastomers

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