Reinforcement of position preference by automatic intravenous injections of glucose.

Coppock, Harold W.; Chambers, Randall M.

doi:10.1037/h0061319

Cited by 30 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…1B and 3A). These important controls supported our prior findings of taste-independent behavioral conditioning with sucrose in mice [2], and also the early reports of instrumental and place preference conditioning resulting from intragastric and intravenous administration of nutrients, in the absence of orosensory or olfactory cues [18], [19], [26], [27].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Experiments with parenteral administration of glucose solutions in rats or rabbits, to test its effects as a signal for positive postingestive conditioning, have had both positive [7], [26], [27], [28], [29] and negative results [30], [31], [32]. Here we have demonstrated a dose-response effect in the capability of glucose to condition behavior, when administered in the JV (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

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Intravascular Food Reward

et al. 2011

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Consumption of calorie-containing sugars elicits appetitive behavioral responses and dopamine release in the ventral striatum, even in the absence of sweet-taste transduction machinery. However, it is unclear if such reward-related postingestive effects reflect preabsorptive or postabsorptive events. In support of the importance of postabsorptive glucose detection, we found that, in rat behavioral tests, high concentration glucose solutions administered in the jugular vein were sufficient to condition a side-bias. Additionally, a lower concentration glucose solution conditioned robust behavioral responses when administered in the hepatic-portal, but not the jugular vein. Furthermore, enteric administration of glucose at a concentration that is sufficient to elicit behavioral conditioning resulted in a glycemic profile similar to that observed after administration of the low concentration glucose solution in the hepatic-portal, but not jugular vein. Finally using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry we found that, in accordance with behavioral findings, a low concentration glucose solution caused an increase in spontaneous dopamine release events in the nucleus accumbens shell when administered in the hepatic-portal, but not the jugular vein. These findings demonstrate that the postabsorptive effects of glucose are sufficient for the postingestive behavioral and dopaminergic reward-related responses that result from sugar consumption. Furthermore, glycemia levels in the hepatic-portal venous system contribute more significantly for this effect than systemic glycemia, arguing for the participation of an intra-abdominal visceral sensor for glucose.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Intravascular Food Reward

et al. 2011

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“…Intragastric carbohydrate infusions also condition flavor preferences in mice (31,32). Although systemic intravenous glucose administration has rewarding properties in hungry animals under certain conditions (7,8), it was not effective to condition flavor preferences (14,38). Thus the rewarding signal of amino acid ingestion in B6 mice may be initiated by glucose generated during gluconeogenesis in the liver before it enters the circulation.…”

Section: Amino Acid Metabolism and Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in postingestive metabolism of glutamate and glycine between C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice

Hong

Bachmanov

2007

Physiological Genomics

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Amino acids are essential nutrients for living organisms. There are genetic differences in voluntary consumption of amino acids among mouse strains. In two-bottle preference tests, C57BL/6ByJ (B6) mice consume more glutamate (Glu) and glycine (Gly) solutions than do 129P3/J (129) mice. To examine the role of postingestive metabolism of these amino acids in regulation of their intake, we compared metabolism of orally administered Glu and Gly in B6 and 129 mice. After administration of Glu, there were increases in circulating glucose and insulin in B6 mice, whereas 129 mice had elevated blood alanine and body temperature. After ingestion of Gly, B6 mice had increases in blood glucose, whereas there was an elevation of body temperature in 129 mice. These data suggest that B6 mice preferentially convert ingested Glu and Gly to glucose in contrast to 129 mice, which preferentially use them for thermogenesis. This study strongly supports the hypothesis that the metabolic fate of a nutrient plays an important regulatory role in control of its intake. This is the first detailed study of mouse strain differences in amino acid metabolism. Keywords gluconeogenesis; thermogenesis; blood glucose; insulin; liver AMINO ACIDS ARE ESSENTIAL to all live organisms. They serve primarily as building blocks of protein but also play many important roles in a free form [e.g., glutamic acid (Glu) and glycine (Gly) are neurotransmitters]. The major source of amino acids for animals is protein contained in ingested food. Once ingested proteins are hydrolyzed by digestive proteases, released amino acids are extensively metabolized in the small intestine (3,13,28,46). Absorbed amino acids are transported by circulation to various tissues for protein synthesis. Amino acids not used for protein synthesis are usually metabolized by the liver, where they either serve as a source of energy or are converted to glucose or ketones (5). Amino acids usually provide ~10% of the energy requirement in normal adult humans. If carbohydrate intake is insufficient or carbohydrates cannot be metabolized (e.g., because of diabetes mellitus), amino acids become a more important energy source.Not all amino acids are metabolized the same way. For example, ingested Glu is extensively metabolized in the small intestine into CO 2 , lactate, glutathione, glutamine (Gln), alanine (Ala), and several other amino acids (28,46). Under normal conditions, e.g., after consumption of proteins or monosodium glutamate (MSG) mixed with food, blood Glu does not rise because of its utilization in the intestine and liver (28,35 increase under artificial experimental conditions, when large amounts of concentrated water solutions of Glu are administered to the digestive tract. Ingested Gly is metabolized by the intestine to a lesser degree compared with Glu (46). It is used for intestinal protein synthesis and serves as an energy source and a precursor for glutathione synthesis. Dietary Glu or Gly that is not metabolized in the intestine is released into the circulation, mos...

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“…Thus we see that sensory stimulation of the mouth receptors, especially of taste, has a direct relevance for the control of ingestive behavior and the instrumental responses which lead to ingestion. Although a number of investigators have provided evidence that the mouth receptors may be bypassed and that learning can still take place, all such evidence shows that such learning is not as effective as when stimulation of the mouth receptors is included (Coppock & Chambers, 1954) ; Miller, 1957). Nearly all workers, whatever their theoretical predilections, have shown the importance of stimulation and "sensory contact," some would say "sensory satisfaction" (Smith & Duffy, 1957) in the reinforcement process.…”

Section: The Gustatory Afferent Discharge and Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

The pleasures of sensation.

Pfaffmann¹

1960

Psychological Review

261

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That the senses are the channels of communication between the external environment and the nervous system is so much a truism that, except for those who espouse ESP, the senses are held to be the sole mediators of transactions between the organism and its environment. But students of the senses tend to emphasize primarily the nature of their information handling function, their discriminative capacities and limits as well as the physiological processes upon which they are based. Behavior theorists have given heed to such function in another context when they speak of the cue function of stimuli. According to these conceptions discriminative stimuli serve to steer behavior, to guide it or set the stage for the response. But in this paper I do not plan to elaborate upon such processes. Rather I wish to call attention to certain other aspects of sensory function.In recent years, neurophysiologists have emphasized that sensory systems may mediate important functions other than discrimination. Attention has been focused on such generalized effects as arousal or alerting of the nervous system as a whole. Bremer (1935) first showed that a state of cerebral somnolence could be produced in experimental animals in which the cerebrum had been surgically isolated from the brainstem and its incoming afferent pathways. He attributed this to the interruption of sensory influx itself. Later analysis (Magoun, 1958

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Reinforcement of position preference by automatic intravenous injections of glucose.

Cited by 30 publications

References 5 publications

Intravascular Food Reward

Intravascular Food Reward

Differences in postingestive metabolism of glutamate and glycine between C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice

The pleasures of sensation.

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