Reintroduction of Przewalski’s horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii ) in Xinjiang, China: The status and experience

Xia, Canjun; Cao, Jie; Hefan, Zhang; Gao, Xiaopeng; Yang, Weikang; Blank, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.021

Cited by 62 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The semi-wild horses had been in the captivity more than 20 days before the samples were collected. The two sites are about 150 km apart (Xia et al, 2014). Alfalfa and water were available daily for both populations during sampling or since 20 days before sampling.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To enhance the ability of a founder group to settle during release, soft release strategies, wherein animals experience a period of confinement at the release site, are regularly used for animal reintroduction (Clarke et al, 2002;Hardman and Moro, 2006). In Xinjiang, China, the first captive PHs were released into the Kalamaili Nature Reserve (KNR) in 2001 (Chen et al, 2008;Xia et al, 2014). This reserve is located in the northeastern part of the Junggar Basin with a harsh continental-type local climate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before driven into captivity, Stipa, Pamirian, Artemisia and Anabasis are the major food plant genera of Przewalski's horses (Meng, 2007). PHs range freely from spring to late fall, and then are driven back into captivity during the severe winters to allow them to adapt to the local environment step by step (Chen et al, 2008;Xia et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gut Microbiomes of Endangered Przewalski’s Horse Populations in Short- and Long-Term Captivity: Implication for Species Reintroduction Based on the Soft-Release Strategy

Tang

Srivathsan

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gut Microbiomes of Endangered Przewalski’s Horse Populations in Short- and Long-Term Captivity: Implication for Species Reintroduction Based on the Soft-Release Strategy

Tang

Srivathsan

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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“…When China entered the Period of Reform and Opening-up in 1985, the country formulated a threestep plan to restore a wild population of the Przewalski's horse and carried out the reintroductions. Several breeding centres for the Przewalski's horse have been established, and large sized nature reserves have been founded within the original range of the Przewalski's horse (Xia et al, 2014). More important, China has implemented a «soft release� strategy of the captive bred wild horses in the Junggar basin, the Dunhuang desert and the Anxi desert, the released wild horses have gradually adapted to the local environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 1985, the Chinese government has carried out the reintroduction operation of Przewalski's horses and formulated a three-step plan of «introduction for captive breeding -establishment of semi-wild free ranging population -restoration of wild population�. In 1986, China transferred some Przewalski's horses from Europe for the first time, and established the Xinjiang Wild Horse Breeding Centre in the Jimsar County at the southern margin of the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang (Xia et al, 2014). In 1987, the Wuwei Endangered Animal Breeding Centre brought 18 wild horses from the United States and Germany according to the «Wild Horses Returning Home Plan».…”

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confidence: 99%

Reintroduction of the Przewalski’s Horse in China: Status Quo and Outlook

Jiang¹,

Zong²

2019

Nat. Conserv. Res.

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The Przewalski's horse Equus ferus przewalskii was extinct in the wild in the middle of the XX century. Since 1985, the Chinese government has formulated a three-step plan of «the introduction of captive breeding horses-establishing a semi-free population-the restoration of a population in the wild� and carried out the reintroduc-a population in the wild� and carried out the reintroduc-population in the wild� and carried out the reintroduc-in the wild� and carried out the reintroduc-wild� and carried out the reintroduction of the Przewalski's horse. The first three batches of wild horses were introduced to the Xinjiang Wild Horse Breeding Centre, the Wuwei Endangered Species Breeding Centre and the Beijing Nanhaizi Milu Park. After acclimation and captive breeding, those Przewalski's horses were softly released into the nature reserves in its original ranges in the Mt. Kalamaili Nature Reserve, the Anxi Extreme-arid Desert Nature Reserve and the Dunhuang West Lake Nature Reserve in the new millennium. The released horses are allowed to retain to the large fenced areas at releasing sites with supplementary feed and water. Thus, the wild horses in Chine formed the Xinjiang population, the Wuwei-Dunhuang population and the Beijing-Anxi population. All 23 wild horses that survived in the Anxi Extreme-arid Desert Nature Reserve in 2017 were born after the re-translocation from the Beijing Nanhaizi Milu Park. The number of wild horses in the Beijing Nanhaizi Milu Park increased from two in 1998 to five by the end of 2018. By the end of 2018, there are 413 wild horse descendants from the reintroduced herd in the Xinjiang population. Among them, 89 wild horses were kept in the breeding paddocks of the Xinjiang Wild Horse Breeding Centre, 102 were semi-free ranging in the fenced area of the centre, and 221 re-wild horses lived in the Mt. Kalamaili Nature Reserve. Meanwhile, the Przewalski's horse population in the Dunhuang West Lake Nature Reserve increased to 60. The Wuwei Endangered Animal Breeding Centre released seven wild horses in its Minqin Qinghu Base near the Badanjilin desert. Habitat deterioration, inbreeding, parasitic diseases, wolf predation, infanticide and crossbreeding with domestic horses are the major problems in all Przewalski's horse populations in China. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Working Group downgraded the Przewalski's horse to the status of «Endangered� mainly based on the status of wild horses in Mongolia. Nevertheless, the Red List category of the Przewalski's horse in China was still «Extinct in Wild� because the wild horses in these populations still need artificial supplementary feed and water, also need to add new breeding individuals. Thus, a real wild population has not yet been established in China.

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A comparison of fecal steroid metabolite concentrations between harem and bachelor stallions in a free‐Ranging population of przewalski's horses (Equus ferus przewalskii)

et al. 2017

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The aim of this study was to determine whether concentrations of reproductive steroid hormone metabolites significantly differed between harem stallions and bachelor stallions in the free ranging group of Przewalski's horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) at the Hortobágy National Park in Hungary. Throughout the study, fecal samples were collected from 21 harem stallions and 15 bachelor stallions and analyzed for immunoreactive estrogen and androgen metabolites. Harem stallions demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of estrogen (P < 0.001) and epi-androsterone (P < 0.001), but not testosterone (P = 0.426). These findings confirm that sociosexual status has a significant effect on androgen concentrations in individual Przewalski stallions. Zoo Biol. 36:127-131, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Reintroduction of Przewalski’s horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii ) in Xinjiang, China: The status and experience

Cited by 62 publications

References 14 publications

Gut Microbiomes of Endangered Przewalski’s Horse Populations in Short- and Long-Term Captivity: Implication for Species Reintroduction Based on the Soft-Release Strategy

Gut Microbiomes of Endangered Przewalski’s Horse Populations in Short- and Long-Term Captivity: Implication for Species Reintroduction Based on the Soft-Release Strategy

Reintroduction of the Przewalski’s Horse in China: Status Quo and Outlook

A comparison of fecal steroid metabolite concentrations between harem and bachelor stallions in a free‐Ranging population of przewalski's horses (Equus ferus przewalskii)

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