“…These extrinsic variables include physical factors such as distance from equator 14 , 15 , temperature 15 – 20 , humidity 16 , 21 , pathogen loads 22 , environmental resource availability 23 , and socioeconomic factors such as wealth 24 , 25 , education 26 , and occupation 27 . Intrinsic variables such as genetics 27 – 30 , biological sex 31 , 32 , age 31 , 32 , and race 33 , 34 have likewise been observed to impact proportionality. The potential impact of geography and race on MASH equations is particularly important as World Para Athletics competitions include athletes from around the globe with 103 countries participating in the 2023 World Para Athletics 35 .…”