Relações entre tatos e mandos durante a aquisição

Abstract

O presente estudo investigou as relações funcionais entre os operantes verbais, tato e mando, já que os dados da literatura são inconclusivos. Foram verificadas relações entre os operantes verbais “Let” e “Zut”, arbitrariamente relacionados às posições, esquerda e direita, cada um com função ora de tato, ora de mando. Foi verificada a ocorrência de respostas de mando após o treino direto das respostas de tato, a partir do procedimento de treinos múltiplos. Participaram da pesquisa seis crianças entre dois anos e cinco meses e quatro anos e um mês, que freqüentavam uma escola na qual o estudo foi realizado. Cinco de seis participantes emitiram respostas de mando não-treinadas diretamente após o treino do tato, ou seja, apresentaram dependência funcional. Este resultado foi relacionado a algumas variáveis facilitadoras, como o procedimento de treinos múltiplos, a exigência da comunidade verbal a qual as crianças estavam expostas, a idade dos participantes, dentre outras.

The Functional Independence of Mands and Tacts: Has It Been Demonstrated Empirically?

“…In the remaining eight studies, results varied across and in some cases within participants. Of the 14 studies that evaluated mand-to-tact transfer, seven studies produced results that were consistent across participants, with all participants either failing tact probes (Lamarre and Holland 1985;Normand et al 2011;Sundberg et al 1990;Twyman 1996) or passing tact probes (Albert et al 2012;Alves and Ribeiro 2007;Petursdottir et al 2005). Of the remaining seven studies, the results varied across and sometimes within participants.…”

“…One study (Ziomek and Rehfeldt 2008) employed both preferred items and blockedresponse procedures. Participants in three studies (Alves and Ribeiro 2007;Córdova et al 2007;Lamarre and Holland 1985) learned to tact or mand for the relative placement (i.e., left and right) of various items. Finally, in Shillingsburg et al (2009), the target response forms were "yes" and "no"; preferred and nonpreferred items were employed in the mand condition but neutral items in the tact condition.…”

“…(1) tact repertoires Alves and Ribeiro (2007) x 3 -6 ASD PPVT-3 age equivalent 1-9 to 3-4 -Frequent mands and tacts for 3 of 4 participants, utterance length 1-3 to 6-8 words Hall and Sundberg (1987) x 2 16-17 Severe ID; deaf --Extensive tacting repertoires; low rates of manding Halvey and Rehfeldt (2005) x 3 Adult Severe ID ICAP social/communicative age equivalent 1-8 to 3-11 IQ 32-36 b Utterance length 1-2 words Kelley et al (2007a) x x 3 3 -10 ASD (1), apraxia (1), language delay (1) --Utterance length 1-3 words Lamarre and Holland (1985) x same was true of the young, typically developing children who participated in Normand et al (2011). Table 2 outlines several variations in methodology across studies.…”

“…1) and reported diagnoses and other narrative descriptions of participants. If tact-to-mand transfer is considered first, all studies conducted with typically developing children (Alves and Ribeiro 2007;Córdova et al 2007;Lamarre and Holland 1985;Petursdottir et al 2005) produced data, whereas studies conducted with children or adults with developmental disabilities fell into both of the categories shown in the Fig. 1.…”

“…Nine studies evaluated both tact-to-mand and mand-to-tact transfer, either within or between participants; five studies evaluated mand-to-tact transfer only, and three studies tact-to-mand transfer only. Fourteen studies were published in English-language journals, two were published in Portuguese (Alves and Ribeiro 2007;Córdova et al 2007) and one in Italian (Pino 1994). We will first summarize methodological characteristics and results of the 17 studies; followed by a discussion of potential sources of variability within and across studies.…”