Relapses of<i>Plasmodium vivax</i>malaria threaten disease elimination: time to deploy tafenoquine in India?

Ahmad, Sundus Shafat; Rahi, Manju; Sharma, Amit

doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004558

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Adoption of single-day treatment with tafenoquine may be considered by India after due regulatory consideration. 38 The issue of compliance can be overcome if the P. vivax antimalarial therapy is administered as directly observed treatment (DOT). We could follow the Sri Lankan example which to tackle the P. vivax resurgence in army camps adopted PQ directly observed treatment for infected army personnel.…”

Section: Bmj Global Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

What India can learn from globally successful malaria elimination programmes

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

India is targeting malaria elimination by 2030. Understanding and adopting the strategies employed by countries that have successfully eliminated malaria can serve as a crucial thrust in this direction for a geographically diverse country like India. This analysis is based on extensive literature search on malaria elimination policies, strategies and programmes adopted by nine countries (China, El Salvador, Algeria, Argentina, Uzbekistan, Paraguay, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Armenia) which have attained malaria-free status over the past decade. The key points which India can learn from their journey are mandatory time-bound response in the form of case reporting and management, rapid vector control response, continuous epidemiological and entomological surveillance, elevated community participation, more training and capacity building, private sector involvement, use of quality diagnostics, cross-border collaborations, inclusion of prevention of re-establishment programmes into the elimination plans, higher investment in research, and uninterrupted funds for successful implementation of malaria elimination programmes. These learnings would help India and other South Asian countries steer their programmes by devising tailor-made strategies for their own regions.

show abstract

Section: Bmj Global Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

What India can learn from globally successful malaria elimination programmes

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The latter provides protection as well as resources to the infectious parasite to multiply into thousands of daughter merozoites, which are eventually released to the bloodstream where they infect erythrocytes, leading to the onset of the symptomatic, cyclic blood stage of infection 1 – 4 . P. vivax infection tends to relapse even after successful treatment due to the persistence of uninucleate parasites known as hypnozoites, long-lived, dormant, hepatic parasite forms that can reactivate months or even years after initial infection 1 , 8 – 10 . Malaria control efforts are additionally complicated by the coexistence of P. vivax with P. falciparum infection in endemic regions 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of regioisomers and epimers of second-generation dual acting ivermectin hybrids

Singh

Fontinha

Francisco

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With its strong effect on vector-borne diseases, and insecticidal effect on mosquito vectors of malaria, inhibition of sporogonic and blood-stage development of Plasmodium falciparum, as well as in vitro and in vivo impairment of the P. berghei development inside hepatocytes, ivermectin (IVM) continues to represent an antimalarial therapeutic worthy of investigation. The in vitro activity of the first-generation IVM hybrids synthesized by appending the IVM macrolide with heterocyclic and organometallic antimalarial pharmacophores, against the blood-stage and liver-stage infections by Plasmodium parasites prompted us to design second-generation molecular hybrids of IVM. Here, a structural modification of IVM to produce novel molecular hybrids by using sub-structures of 4- and 8-aminoquinolines, the time-tested antiplasmodial agents used for treating the blood and hepatic stage of Plasmodium infections, respectively, is presented. Successful isolation of regioisomers and epimers has been demonstrated, and the evaluation of their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against both the blood stages of P. falciparum and the hepatic stages of P. berghei have been undertaken. These compounds displayed structure-dependent antiplasmodial activity, in the nM range, which was more potent than that of IVM, its aglycon or primaquine, highlighting the superiority of this hybridization strategy in designing new antiplasmodial agents.

show abstract

“…A single dose of tafenoquine drug may be the best option for treatment of reservoir or relapse condition in malaria infection. 22 The dominance of P. falciparum infections has been reported during the monsoon and postmonsoon periods, with the highest number of cases in the month of September or October in this area, depending on early or late monsoon. A similar pattern in P. vivax and P. falciparum prevalence had also been reported earlier in other states of India.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Four decades of epidemiological data reveal trajectories towards malaria elimination in Kheda district (Gujarat), western part of India

2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundMalaria is a main public health problem in India and was so particularly in the state of Gujarat in the western part of the country. This study assesses the effects of various interventions on malaria cases using data from the last 33 years (1987–2019).MethodsHere we have analysed 33 years of malaria epidemiological data from a malaria clinic in Kheda district in Gujarat. The data were digitised yearly and monthly, age-wise and gender-wise, and descriptive analysis was performed to assess the effects of several interventions on malaria burden.ResultsDuring 1987–2019, our clinic diagnosed 5466 Plasmodium vivax and 4732 P. falciparum malaria cases. Overall, there was a declining trend in malaria cases except for the years 1991, 1994, 2004 and 2005. The year 2004 especially witnessed an epidemic in Kheda as well as throughout Gujarat. Malaria infections were most common (40%) among the 21–40 years age group. Fever was the most common symptom in all age groups.InterpretationIntroduction of revised drug policy and improved surveillance technique (rapid diagnosis kits) have strengthened the diagnosis and treatment of malaria in the district. Use of pyrethroid in indoor residual insecticide spray has also strengthened vector control. Among the various interventions used, long-lasting insecticide nets and introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy have played significant roles in controlling malaria cases. A more drastic decline in P. falciparum cases versus P. vivax is evident, but the latter persists in high proportions and therefore new tools for malaria control will be needed for elimination.

show abstract

Relapses ofPlasmodium vivaxmalaria threaten disease elimination: time to deploy tafenoquine in India?

Cited by 23 publications

References 22 publications

What India can learn from globally successful malaria elimination programmes

What India can learn from globally successful malaria elimination programmes

Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of regioisomers and epimers of second-generation dual acting ivermectin hybrids

Four decades of epidemiological data reveal trajectories towards malaria elimination in Kheda district (Gujarat), western part of India

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About