Relation between dietary fat and energy and micronutrient intakes

Tonstad, Serena; Sivertsen, Mette

doi:10.1136/adc.76.5.416

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Even so, the average vitamin A intake in both cases was well above the minimum recommended. These observations are consistent with the fact that, except for dairy products, the LL children have higher intakes of almost all food groups, particularly fruits and vegetables, as has been previously observed 9,39 . While intervention studies are fairly consistent with these results, perhaps because of the strict supervision of their subjects, observational studies are not.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In the Bogalusa Study, the percentage of children who did not reach the minimum recommended intake of vitamins B 6 , B 12 and E, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin was significantly higher among children with a fat intake lower than 30% of total intake 35 . On the other hand, in a study carried out in Oslo with 8-to 12-year-old children, those for whom less than 30% of energy intake was from fat showed higher nutritional density of thiamine, niacin, folic acid and vitamin C 39 . For children in the LL group of our study, total fat intake was 43.4% of the total energy intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Saturated fat in the diet of Spanish children: relationship with anthropometric, alimentary, nutritional and lipid profiles

Royo-Bordonada

Garcés

Gorgojo

et al. 2006

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To compare the anthropometric, alimentary, nutritional and lipid profiles and global diet quality of Spanish children according to saturated fat intake. Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Food data were collected using a foodfrequency questionnaire. Subjects and methods: The sample included 1112 children of both sexes, aged between 6 and 7 years, selected by means of random cluster sampling in schools. The plasma lipid profile included measurements of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) and apolipoprotein B (apoB). Global diet quality was evaluated by the Dietary Variety Index (DVI) and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Results: Energy intake, DVI and HEI of children from the lower quartile of saturated fat intake (LL) were higher (P , 001) than in the remaining children (UL). However, there were no significant differences in average height or weight between groups. The UL children had lower intakes of meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and olive oil and a higher intake of dairy products (P , 0.001). The intakes of fibre, vitamins C, D, B 6 , E and folic acid were higher in the LL children, who had lower intakes of vitamin A and calcium. The ratios LDL-C/HDL-C and apoB/apoA1 were lower (P ¼ 0.04) in the LL children (1.87 and 0.52, respectively) than in the UL children (2.02 and 0.54, respectively). Conclusions: The growth rate of children does not seem to be affected by the level of saturated fat intake. Furthermore, at the levels of intake observed in this study, diets with less saturated fat are associated with better alimentary, nutritional and plasma lipid profiles.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Saturated fat in the diet of Spanish children: relationship with anthropometric, alimentary, nutritional and lipid profiles

Royo-Bordonada

Garcés

Gorgojo

et al. 2006

Public Health Nutr.

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“…However, observational studies on a range of freeliving populations including preschool Hispanic 56 and Scottish 57 and Australian 58 children, and schoolchildren in Australia, 58 the United States, 15 and Norway 59 have found no apparent relationship between fat intake and height or other measures of growth (such as skinfold thicknesses or BMI). The situation is confused by several other studies in school-age preadolescent children where adiposity was positively associated with percentage of energy from fat, 60 -64 but the relationship with height was not specifically investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat Content of the Diet Among Preschool Children in Southwest Britain: II. Relationship With Growth, Blood Lipids, and Iron Status

Rogers

Emmett

2001

Pediatrics

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ABSTRACT. Objective. In most countries, it is recommended that adults restrict fat intake to 30% to 35% of energy to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and certain cancers. However, the appropriate level of fat in the diet of children is hotly debated. It has been generally accepted that fat intake by children under 2 years of age should not be limited because of fears that nutrient intakes and thus growth and iron status might be compromised. However, there is very little longitudinal information on the relationship between fat intake and growth in representative populations of free-living children under 2 years old. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between fat intake as a percentage of energy, and nutrient adequacy, growth, blood lipids, and iron status in 18-and 43-month-old children.Design. This study forms part of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)-a geographically-based cohort study in southwest England. A randomly selected subsample of the ALSPAC cohort attended research clinics approximately every 6 months from birth, at which a variety of anthropometric and other measurements were made. Dietary intakes at 18 and 43 months were assessed using a 3-day unweighed food record. A capillary blood sample was taken at 18 months for measurement of hemoglobin and ferritin levels. Nonfasting venous blood samples were taken at 31 and 43 months and analyzed for total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The children were divided into quartiles of fat intake as a percentage of energy (QFI). QFI groups were compared for the number of children reaching recommended nutrient intakes, and for anthropometry, measures of iron status, and blood lipid levels.Participants. Nine hundred fifty-one children at 18 months and 805 children at 43 months.Results. The mean (standard deviation) percentages of energy from fat in each quartile at 18 months were 31.2 (2.8), 36.1 (0.9), 39.1 (0.8), and 43.1 (2.2), corresponding to a fat intake in grams of 37.3 (8.1), 44.3 (8.1), 50.4 (10.2), and 55.4 (12.7). The number of children failing to reach recommended intake levels for zinc and vitamin A fell with increasing fat intake, while the number of children consuming less than the recommendations for iron and vitamin C rose at both ages. Despite this, there was no association between fat intake at 18 months and mean height or body mass index (BMI) at either 18 or 31 months. Fat intake at 43 months was also unassociated with concurrent or subsequent height or BMI. There was also no significant increase in the number of children falling below the tenth percentile for height or BMI as QFI fell. Mean ferritin levels at 18 months fell in both sexes as QFI increased. Total cholesterol levels at 31 months were significantly associated with QFI at 18 months, and rose from 3.99 mmol/l in the lowest QFI in boys, to 4.31 mmol/l in the highest QFI. QFI at 43 months was unassociated with cholesterol levels.Conclusions. These data do not suggest that fat intakes are an important determina...

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“…Studies that analyzed results with and without under-reporters invariably recorded no impact of under-reporters on the results (Haraldsdottir and Andersen, 1994;Gibson, 1996;Tonstad and Sivertsen, 1997;Rogers and Emmett, 2002;Alexy et al, 2003). Owing to the variety of different measures used to investigate the contribution of food groups to sugar and fat intakes comparison of results was difficult.…”

Section: Absolute Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%