Relation between muscle mass, motor units and type of training in master athletes

Drey, Michael; Sieber, Cornel; Degens, Hans; McPhee, Jamie S.; Korhonen, Mikko; Müller, Klaus; Ganse, Bergita; Rittweger, Jörn

doi:10.1111/cpf.12195

Cited by 39 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In rodents eccentric training promotes hypertrophy and growth-related signaling (Ochi et al, 2011; Tsumiyama, et al, 2014; Heinermeier et al, 2007). Finally, hypoglossal motoneuron number is preserved with age in mouse, rat and human (Gai et al, 1992; Sturrock, 1991; Schwarz et al, 2009), protecting tongue muscles from motoneuron-loss-induced denervation/reinnervation remodeling that typifies some appendicular muscles and is thought to promote type II-to-I conversion, MHC hybridization and fiber atrophy (Drey et al, 2014). Hypoglossal motoneurons also receive inputs from numerous central and peripheral sources, and it is possible that this rich synaptic milieu supports hypoglossal motoneurons during dysfunction in any one projection system.…”

Section: 4 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of morphological and molecular correlates of sarcopenia in the macaque tongue muscle styloglossus

Sokoloff

Douglas

Rahnert

et al. 2016

Experimental Gerontology

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Introduction Equivocal decline of tongue muscle performance with age is compatible with resistance of the tongue to sarcopenia, the loss of muscle volume and function that typically occurs with aging. To test this possibility we characterized anatomical and molecular indices of sarcopenia in the macaque tongue muscle styloglossus (SG). Methods We quantified myosin heavy chain (MHC), muscle fiber MHC phenotype and size and total and phosphorylated growth- and atrophy-related proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoblot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the SG in twenty-four macaque monkeys (Macaca rhesus, age range 9 months to 31 years) categorized into Young (<8 years of age), Middle-aged (15–21 years of age) and Old (> 22 years of age) groups. Results In Young, Middle and Old age groups, by SDS-PAGE MHCI comprised ~1/3 and MHCII ~2/3 of total MHC. MHCI relative frequency was lower and MHCII higher in Middle versus Young (p=0.0099) and Middle versus Old (p=0.052). Relative frequencies of MHC fiber phenotype were not different by age but were different by phenotype (rates 233, 641 and 111 per 1000 fibers for MHCI, MHCII and MHCI-II respectively, P = 0.03). Few or no fibers were positive for developmental MHC. Mean cross-sectional area (CSA) was not different among the three age groups for MHCII and MHCI-II; however MHCI fibers tended to be larger in Middle versus Old and Young (mean = 2257 um2, 1917 um2 (p=0.05) and 1704 um2 (p=0.06), respectively). For each age group, mean CSA increased across MHC phenotype (lowest mean CSA for MHCI and highest mean CSA for MHCII). Spearman analysis demonstrated age-related increases in total p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70), phosphorylated P70421/424, phosphorylated P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and muscle atrophy F-Box, a trend to age-related decrease in total extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and no age-related change in total protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated ERK, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK46) and phosphorylated P70389. Conclusion Common anatomical and molecular indices of sarcopenia are absent in our sample of macaque SG. Relative frequencies of MHCII protein and phenotype are preserved with age. Although MAFbx expression increases with age, this is not associated with fiber atrophy, perhaps reflecting compensatory growth signaling by p70. The resistant nature of the styloglossus muscle to sarcopenia may be related to routine activation of tongue muscles in respiration and swallowing and the preservation of hypoglossal motoneuron number with age.

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Section: 4 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of morphological and molecular correlates of sarcopenia in the macaque tongue muscle styloglossus

Sokoloff

Douglas

Rahnert

et al. 2016

Experimental Gerontology

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“…Drey et al . () found a preservation of hypothenar MUs and argued that owing to the small sample size, Power et al . may have masked any overall net neuroprotective effect.…”

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confidence: 98%

“…In the Drey et al . () paper, the authors make specific reference to an investigation our group performed in the biceps brachii as evidence against an overall neuroprotective effect of endurance exercise (Power et al ., ). To provide insight into whether habitual physical activity had a local MU preservation effect (on the exercised muscles), or a systemic MU preservation effect, the elbow flexor muscle group, which is not loaded directly during running, was investigated in these same master runners (Power et al ., ).…”

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confidence: 99%

If you don't use it you'll likely lose it

Power

Dalton

Doherty

et al. 2015

Clin Physio Funct Imaging

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This article is a commentary on the recently published manuscript by Drey et al. (2014). The age-related loss of motor units (MU) is an immutable process and understanding the possible role of physical activity in maintaining functional MUs is an important topic. Dysfunctional remodelling of a MU is associated with denervation of the muscle and ultimate death of the spinal motoneurone. Conversely, in cross-sectional studies, high levels of physical activity in humans report a maintenance in the number of functional MUs in older master runners. However, it seems that only those MUs directly associated with the elevated long-term physical activity appear to benefit from any exercise-induced neuroprotective effect.

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“…Indeed, substantial motor unit and muscle mass loss accompanies aging. However recent evidence indicates that long-term training among master athletes' appears to protect motor neurons from age related deterioration (20). Importantly, strength-power training appeared to have a substantial positive effect on muscle mass and could therefore be an effective method of training to prevent sarcopenia (20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However recent evidence indicates that long-term training among master athletes' appears to protect motor neurons from age related deterioration (20). Importantly, strength-power training appeared to have a substantial positive effect on muscle mass and could therefore be an effective method of training to prevent sarcopenia (20). Power training is easily incorporated into resistance training protocols, particularly those using free-weights (50).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Short-Term Free-Weight and Semiblock Periodization Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome

South

Layne

Stuart

et al. 2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The effects of short-term resistance training on performance and health variables associated with prolonged sedentary lifestyle and metabolic syndrome were investigated. Resistance training may alter a number of health-related, physiological and performance variables. As a result, resistance training can be used as a valuable tool in ameliorating the effects of a sedentary lifestyle including those associated with metabolic syndrome. Nineteen previously sedentary subjects (10 metabolic syndrome, 9 non-metabolic syndrome) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. Maximum strength was measured using an isometric mid-thigh pull and resulting force-time curve. Vertical jump height and power were measured using a force plate. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and type were examined using muscle biopsy and standard analysis techniques. Aerobic power was measured on a cycle ergometer using a ParvoMedics 2400 Metabolic system. Endurance was measured as time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. After training, maximum isometric strength, jump height, jump power and V̇O2 peak increased by approximately 10% (or more) in both the metabolic and non-metabolic syndrome groups (both male and female subjects). Over 8 weeks of training, body mass did not change statistically, but percent body fat decreased in subjects with the metabolic syndrome and in females, and lean body mass increased in all groups (p<0.05). Few alterations were noted in fiber type. Males had larger CSA’s compared to females and there was a fiber-specific trend toward hypertrophy over time. In summary eight weeks of semi-block free-weight resistance training improved several performance variables and some cardiovascular factors associated with metabolic syndrome.

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Relation between muscle mass, motor units and type of training in master athletes

Cited by 39 publications

References 50 publications

Absence of morphological and molecular correlates of sarcopenia in the macaque tongue muscle styloglossus

Absence of morphological and molecular correlates of sarcopenia in the macaque tongue muscle styloglossus

If you don't use it you'll likely lose it

Effects of Short-Term Free-Weight and Semiblock Periodization Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome

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