Relation of Ammonia-Nitrogen to Break-Point Chlorination

Griffin, A. E.; Chamberlin, N. S.

doi:10.2105/ajph.31.8.803

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Preferably, this final water must not contain above 1 mg/l in ammonia concentration in order to provide the completion of the breakpoint chlorination [53]. Griffin [54] had put the breakpoint chlorination in its appropriate application to give better efficiency. He specified that the intervals of values related to influence parameters that can run better the chlorination process.…”

Section: Choice Of the Series Of Reactions At Breakpointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling drinking water chlorination at the breakpoint: I. Derivation of breakpoint reactions

Driss¹,

Bouhelassa²

2014

Desalination and Water Treatment

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A B S T R A C TFrom a bibliographic synthesis on the reactions that can occur during breakpoint chlorination. We carry out the stability study of produced entities under the applied conditions in the potable water production, where the pH range 6.5-8.5, and the initial weight ratio Cl/N including in 10/1-15/1 at ambient temperature. The choice of dominant species and reactions that have been taken into account must be based on data of the thermodynamics and the kinetics governed by pH and temperature. Through this selection appears a large disagreement in results of researches between the rate expressions of the kinetics and observed and even with the empirical results, especially for reaction the monochloramine formation and for equilibrium the formation-hydrolysis of trichloramine. Then, the nature of identified intermediate and the observed rate of its formation reaction were not agree in different published works, as well the possibility of destruction of the free chlorine residual by this intermediate is not confirmed yet. Through this study, we obtain a representative selected group of reactions during breakpoint chlorination process, this identified group of reactions is compared with other models of breakpoint reactions proposed in the literature, where some differences appear.

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Section: Choice Of the Series Of Reactions At Breakpointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling drinking water chlorination at the breakpoint: I. Derivation of breakpoint reactions

Driss¹,

Bouhelassa²

2014

Desalination and Water Treatment

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“…Incidentally, this subject is a controversy, it appears in the literature a disagreement on the reactions which are present at breakpoint reactions [31,32] and the determination of intermediate formula is not agree in research works, nitrogen hydroxide NOH appears in works [31,50] and the dichloro-nitrogen anion NCl À 2 or hydroxylamine NH 2 OH [55]. Breakpoint reactions are running by several factors: pH, the initial molar ratio, temperature and the contact time [56][57][58][59]. Table 3 reports the Arrhenius expressions in which the temperature factor appears important in the stability of species, and Table 4 shows the link of pH parameter in the distribution of generated species.…”

Section: Chlorine Consumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling drinking water chlorination at the Breakpoint: II. Calculation of the chlorine and chloramine concentrations along municipal pipe

Driss

Bouhelassa

Boudabous

2014

Desalination and Water Treatment

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A B S T R A C TThis study is focused on the determination of added chlorine dose in low ammoniacal concentration contained in distribution pipe of drinking water. The chlorine concentration in disinfected water varies between events of lack and excess that must be regularly controlled. The chlorine transport from the inlet to the outlet of pipe is carried out in turbulent flow where the phenomena of diffusion and convection are in charge to convey chlorine and chloramines formed along the polyvinylchloride pipe. The chlorine decay is principally due to ammonia consumption in the water bulk. The chlorine demand serves to generate inorganic chloramines and the formation of an uncertain intermediate, which helps to destruct them, and the reactions series of formation-destruction are referring to Breakpoint chlorination. The set of presented reactions at Breakpoint chlorination are not clear and the observed rate constants are not similar in the researchers found in the literature. Then, their choices are not easy because they cause large differences between the experimental profiles of disinfectants concentrations taken from literature and the predicted profiles of disinfectant concentrations investigated in the present paper. The set of differential equations are resolved simultaneously by the method of finite differences. Therefore the concentrations of free residual chlorine, ammonia, monochloramine, dichloramine, trichloramine, nitrogen hydroxide and total chlorine are calculated at different points constituted the municipal pipe.

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“…An examination of both the quantitative and qualitative p-aminodimethylaniline residual chlorine curves in Figs. [3][4][5][6] shows that, in all cases, these procedures indicated the same break-point as the potential readings. This is another reason for concluding that the break-point as determined by these three criteria is most reliable.…”

Section: ·Flmentioning

confidence: 99%