Relation of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Dairy Food Intake to Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality among Postmenopausal Women

Bostick, Roberd M.; Kushi, Lawrence H.; Wu, Ying; Meyer, Katie A.; Sellers, Thomas A.; Folsom, Aaron R.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009781

Cited by 251 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…We found no association between intake of the majority of the dairy products and CHD, a finding consistent with previous literature (15,17,20,23,32,36,37) . For example, in a case-control study of 378 men and 129 women aged 25-79 years, Tavani et al concluded that neither total milk, whole milk, semi-skimmed milk, yoghurt nor cheese was associated with increased CHD risk in men and women (1) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Is dairy product consumption associated with the incidence of CHD?

Avalos

Barrett‐Connor

Kritz‐Silverstein

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Studies examining the association of dairy consumption with incident CHD have yielded inconsistent results. The current prospective study examined the association between dairy consumption and CHD in a population-based sample of older community-dwelling adults. Design: Baseline CHD risk factors were assessed and an FFQ was self-administered. Participants were followed for morbidity and mortality with periodic clinic visits and annual mailed questionnaires for an average of 16?2 years, with a 96 % follow-up rate for fatal and non-fatal CHD. Setting: Community. Subjects: Participants were 751 men and 1008 women aged 50-93 years who attended a clinic visit in [1984][1985][1986][1987]. Results: At baseline the mean age was 70?6 (SD 9?8) years for men and 70?1 (SD 9?3) years for women. Participants who developed CHD during follow-up were significantly older (P , 0?001), had higher BMI (P 5 0?035) and higher total cholesterol (P 5 0?050), and were more likely to be male (P , 0?001), diabetic (P 5 0?011) and hypertensive (P , 0?001), than those who did not develop CHD. Multivariate regression analyses adjusting for age, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, LDL-cholesterol and oestrogen use (in women) indicated that women who consumed low-fat cheese 'sometimes/often' and women who consumed non-fat milk 'sometimes/often' had an increased risk of incident CHD (hazard ratio 5 2?32; 95 % CI 1?57, 3?41) and CHD (hazard ratio 5 1?48; 95 % CI 1?02, 2?16) compared with women who 'never/rarely' ate these dairy products. Conclusions: Woman with higher intake of low-fat cheese and non-fat milk seem to have a higher risk of incident CHD. This needs further investigation considering recent evidence of cardiovascular benefits from certain dairy fat.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Is dairy product consumption associated with the incidence of CHD?

Avalos

Barrett‐Connor

Kritz‐Silverstein

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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“…In contrast to the Kuopio observational study, (2) other observational studies have found that calcium intake was inversely associated with ischemic heart disease in elderly women (19) and inversely associated with mortality from stroke but not cardiovascular disease (20) or had no effect. (21) Interventional studies of calcium supplementation have shown beneficial changes to the circulating lipid profile of elderly women, reduced visceral adipose tissue accumulation, transient reductions in blood pressure, and an increased rate of weight loss in obese patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: Results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up

Lewis

Calver

Zhu

et al. 2010

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

188

126

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Concern has been expressed that calcium supplementation, a key intervention for preventing osteoporotic fracture in older women, may increase the risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease. To evaluate the risk further, an examination of complete verified atherosclerotic vascular hospitalization and mortality data from a 5-year randomized, controlled trial (RCT) of calcium carbonate and 4.5 years of posttrial follow-up was undertaken. This study used data from a published 5-year randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial [Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study (CAIFOS)]. The participants were 1460 women aged 75.1 AE 2.7 years at baseline (1998) recruited from the general population and randomized to receive 1200 mg of calcium carbonate daily or an identical placebo. All hospital admission and deaths during the 5-year study and the 4.5-year follow-up were derived from the Western Australian Data Linkage Service (WADLS). Hazard ratios (HRs) for the combined endpoint of atherosclerotic vascular mortality or first hospitalization were calculated using prespecified intention-to-treat and per-protocol models. The intervention group that received calcium supplementation did not have a higher risk of death or first-time hospitalization from atherosclerotic vascular disease in either the 5-year RCT [multivariate-adjusted HR ¼ 0.938, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.690-1.275] or during the 9.5 years of observational study (multivariate-adjusted HR ¼ 0.919, 95% CI 0.737-1

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“…Data from a prospective study of 35 000 postmenopausal women set up in 1986 were reported by Bostic et al (1999). Total calcium, and that from milk products was estimated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pooled estimate of the odds for a vascular event in the 10 prospective studies, either heart disease or stroke, is 0.84 (0.78-0.90). Total energy intake is an important confounding factor in this context and so a separate pooling was done with the three studies in which adjustment had been made for this (Vijver et al, 1992;Bostic et al, 1999;Elwood et al, 2003). This gave an almost identical estimate, namely 0.85 (0.70-1.03).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all the reports, subjects had been divided into three or four subgroups and in most, the basis of the division was an estimate of total milk consumption. Two studies grouped subjects by their intakes of 'milk products' (Bostic et al, 1999;Iso et al, 1999), while another used calcium from dairy sources (Abbott et al, 1996). Yet another defined the group with the highest milk intake as taking milk on cereals and drinking milk (Shaper et al, 1991).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies

et al. 2004

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Objective: Milk consumption is considered a risk factor for vascular disease on the basis of relevant biological mechanisms and data from ecological studies. The aim was to identify published prospective studies of milk drinking and vascular disease, and conduct an overview. Design: The literature was searched for cohort studies, in which an estimate of the consumption of milk, or the intake of calcium from dairy sources, has been related to incident vascular disease. Main outcome measures: Ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke. Results: In total, 10 studies were identified. Their results show a high degree of consistency in the reported risk for heart disease and stroke, all but one study suggesting a relative risk of less than one in subjects with the highest intakes of milk. A pooled estimate of relative odds in these subjects, relative to the risk in subjects with the lowest consumption, is 0.87 (95% CI 0.74-1.03) for ischaemic heart disease and 0.83 (0.77-0.90) for ischaemic stroke. The odds ratio for any vascular event is 0.84 (0.78-0.90). Conclusions: Cohort studies provide no convincing evidence that milk is harmful. While there still could be residual confounding from unidentified factors, the studies, taken together, suggest that milk drinking may be associated with a small but worthwhile reduction in heart disease and stroke risk. Sponsorship:

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Relation of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Dairy Food Intake to Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality among Postmenopausal Women

Cited by 251 publications

References 44 publications

Is dairy product consumption associated with the incidence of CHD?

Is dairy product consumption associated with the incidence of CHD?

Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: Results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up

Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies

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