Relation of ice growth rate to salt segregation during freezing of low-salinity sea water (Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea)

Granskog, Mats A.; Uusikivi, Jari; Sequeiros, Alberto Blanco; Sonninen, Eloni

doi:10.3189/172756406781811259

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…During all of the experiments, there were many instances of changes to the form of the cells and this suggests recrystallization effects. The strongest fit with the evidence is that a solar effect may have been caused by recrystallization of the ice, and includes contributions both from energy of fusion and energy of dissolution as solutes on freezing tend to be segregated out of the crystal lattice [ 11 ]. The additional solar energy may allow remanent solutes within a crystal to be expelled to the margins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical cells from water ice? Preliminary methods and results

Helman,

Retallack

2023

PLoS ONE

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Electrochemical cells from ice will be an important seasonal addition to power generation in cold regions. We demonstrate power generation on the order of 0.1 mW at 0.3 V and 0.13 m2 surface area using an electrochemical cell with 2% HCl providing a pH gradient in ice, and suggest a solar add-on effect due to temperature changes under direct sunlight. Different models are discussed, and data are presented related to different additives: (1) solutes such as NaCl and monopotassium phosphate; (2) pH modifying agents such as acids and bases; (3) particulate suspensions with kaolinite and other substances. The results are positive and suggest viable use of electrochemical cells from ice with low fabrication costs and safe environmental impact for ephemeral power generation, especially with future material improvements and refinement of technique. Current research in this nascent field is also briefly introduced. The model presented has implications both for power systems and for biology: an icy-worlds hypothesis for the origin of life suggests a protometabolism with an ice-based pH gradient.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical cells from water ice? Preliminary methods and results

Helman,

Retallack

2023

PLoS ONE

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“…In fall, organic matter from the summer phytoplankton bloom and relatively high bottom water temperatures may support significant benthic mineralization (Humborg et al, 2019). Decrease of CH 4 ebullition fluxes from fall to winter has been documented for temperate continental aquatic systems (Wilkinson et al, 2015;Tus ˇer et al, 2017) and could explain the decrease in CH 4 concentrations with sea ice depth, associated with the slower growth rate of the ice as it thickens, increasing the efficiency of impurity rejection (salts, gases) to the water column as sea ice grows (Granskog et al, 2006b). Once GHGs are trapped within the ice structure, gas bubbles will not escape to the atmosphere as long as the sea ice permeability is low (e.g., brine volume < 5%; Golden et al, 2007), and GHGs could remain within the ice matrix until the onset of sea ice melt.…”

Section: Biogeochemical Processes Within Sea Icementioning

confidence: 95%

Landfast sea ice in the Bothnian Bay (Baltic Sea) as a temporary storage compartment for greenhouse gases

Geilfus

Munson

Eronen-Rasimus

et al. 2021

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Although studies of biogeochemical processes in polar sea ice have been increasing, similar research on relatively warm low-salinity sea ice remains sparse. In this study, we investigated biogeochemical properties of the landfast sea ice cover in the brackish Bothnian Bay (Northern Baltic Sea) and the possible role of this sea ice in mediating the exchange of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) across the water column–sea ice–atmosphere interface. Observations of total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon in both landfast sea ice and the water column suggest that the carbonate system is mainly driven by salinity. While high CH4 and N2O concentrations were observed in both the water column (up to 14.3 and 17.5 nmol L–1, respectively) and the sea ice (up to 143.6 and 22.4 nmol L–1, respectively), these gases appear to be enriched in sea ice compared to the water column. This enrichment may be attributable to the sea ice formation process, which concentrates impurities within brine. As sea ice temperature and brine volume decrease, gas solubility decreases as well, promoting the formation of bubbles. Gas bubbles originating from underlying sediments may also be incorporated within the ice cover and contribute to the enrichment in sea ice. The fate of these greenhouse gases within the ice merits further research, as storage in this low-salinity seasonal sea ice is temporary.

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“…The brine content in ice was found to be a linear function of the ice growth rate (Weeks and Lofgren, 1967; Nakawo and Sinha, 1981). However, observations indicate that this does not apply to brackish water (Granskog and others, 2006). In addition, radiation, temperature gradients and salinity are affected by the ice thickness (Maykut, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of level ice and brash ice growth models

et al. 2021

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Brash ice forms in harbours and ship channels from frequent ship passages and the resulting freezing–breaking cycles create a unique ice formation. The brash ice accumulation over the winter season is a result of meteorological, thermodynamical and mechanical processes. A reliable brash ice growth model is an important asset when determining navigation routes through ice conditions and when establishing port ice management solutions. This review aims to describe the brash ice development and its modelling as well as the key parameters that influence the brash ice growth and its estimation. This paper summarises the brash ice growth models and the fundamental theories of level ice growth upon which these models are based, and outlines the main knowledge gaps. The results highlight the importance of porosity and piece size distribution and their effect on the consolidation process. The inclusion of the brash ice lateral movement and the side ridge formation would improve the accuracy of forecast models. Furthermore, the findings of the study identify the effect of omitting meteorological parameters such as snow and radiation, from the brash ice growth models. Their contribution to the level ice thickness suggests a significant influence on the brash ice consolidation process.

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Relation of ice growth rate to salt segregation during freezing of low-salinity sea water (Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea)

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Electrochemical cells from water ice? Preliminary methods and results

Electrochemical cells from water ice? Preliminary methods and results

Landfast sea ice in the Bothnian Bay (Baltic Sea) as a temporary storage compartment for greenhouse gases

A review of level ice and brash ice growth models

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