Relation of the Feeding Process of the Pea Aphid to the Inoculation of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus1

Potyvirus transmission is not increased by pre-acquisition fasting of aphids reared on artificial diet

“…When placed on a piece of leaf or a feeding membrane, fasted aphids spent little time wandering around and usually made no, or only a brief, exploration of the surface with the labium before making a probe, whereas non-fasted aphids usually spent some time wandering about and then spent a few seconds exploring the surface with the labium before probing. These results are in agreement with earlier reports using different virus-aphid combinations (Bradley, 1952;Day & Irzykiewicz, 1954;LopezAbella et al, i988;Nault & Gyrisco, 1966;Powell, 1993;Swenson, 1960;Taylor & Robertson, 1974).…”

“…Although behaviouraI differences between fasted and non-fasted aphids have been observed by several researchers using different virus-aphid combinations (Bradley, 1952;Day & Irzykiewicz, 1954;Nault & Gyrisco, 1966;Swenson, 1960;Taylor & Robertson, 1974), recent studies by Powell (1993) andPowell et al (1995) using electronic monitoring showed that fasting does not affect the stylet punctures of cell membranes which are correlated with virus transmission, and concluded that the higher transmission efficiency of fasted aphids is caused by non-behavioural factor(s).…”

Insect Fluid-Feeding on Upper Pennsylvanian Tree Ferns (Palaeodictyoptera, Marattiales) and the Early History of the Piercing-and-Sucking Functional Feeding Group

“…Once within the tissue, stylets often exhibit considerable flexibility, and assume tortuous intercellular or intracellular trajectories toward the targeted tissue, sometimes terminating in a feeding cavity. These and other features of fluid feeding have been documented for some hemipterans with high economic effect, principally the sternorrhynchan aphids (Biisgen 1891, Horsfall 1923, Davidson 1923, Heriot 1934, Täte 1937, Nault and Gyrisco 1966, Sorin 1966, Evert et al 1968, whiteflies (Pollard 1955, Walker 1985, and scales (Parr 1937, Schetters I960); the auchenorrhynchan cicadas (Marlatt 1907, White andStrehl 1978), leafhoppers (Putman 1941, Houston et al 1947, Carle and Montons 1965, Pollard 1968, and planthoppers (Metcalfe 1968, Pollard 1969, Sonku and Sakuvai 1973, Cook and Denno 1994; and, to a lesser extent, phytophagous heteropterans such as tingids (Johnson 1937, Pollard 1959, mirids (Smith 1926, King and Cook 1932, Flemnion et al 1954, Dale and Coaker 1958, Hori 1971, lygaeids (Painter 1928, Snelling et al 1937, Miles 1959a, pyrrhocorids (Saxena 1963), pentatomids (Miles 1964, Hori 1968, and coreids (Krugman andKoerber 1969, Maschwitz et al 1987).…”

“…Aphidoids are predominantly phloem ingesters that generally penetrate host tissues intercellularly, produce a salivary sheath from cephalic glands, and bear long and flexible stylets. Although most aphid species ingest primarily from phloem sieve elements (Evert et al 1968, Dixon 1975, Bing et al 1991, some aphidoids variously consume epidermis, mesophyll, phloem parenchyma, and companion cells (Nault and Gyrisco 1966, McLean and Kinsey 1967, Tjallingii 1990, and xylem, involving the penetration of wood (Heriot 1934, Balch 1952, Evert et al 1968, Hain et al 1991. The typical aphidoid path of host tissue penetration is intercellular (Büsgen 1891;Davidson 1923;Horsfall 1923;Kloft 1955;Evert et al 1968Evert et al , 1973Pollard 1971), frequently tortuous (Täte 1937, Sorin 1966, Pollard 1973, and generally of considerable distance, ranging up to 5 times the body length in the case of some phylloxerans (Balch 1952, Forbes andMullick 1970).…”

“…2 caryae Harris (Aphididae) feeding on stem phloem (Dixon 1975). Typical aphidoid stylet fascicle diameters range from 0.0002 to 0.0005 mm (Miles 1959b(Miles , 1987Nault and Gyrisco 1966;Pollard 1971). An aphidoid salivary sheath is formed by secretion of 2 basic types of stylet-associated saliva.…”