Relational interaction between T-lymphocytes and SARS-CoV-2: A review

Chaple, Ashwini R.; Vispute, Mayur M.; Mahajan, Sumit; Mushtaq, Saima; Muthuchelvan, D.; Ramakrishnan, Muthannan Andavar; Sharma, Gaurav Kumar

doi:10.4149/av_2021_202

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“… 2010 ; Chaple et al. 2021 ). In this study, the balance of the CD4 + /CD8 + ratio in lung tissue was disturbed by RSV and H3N2 influenza A virus infection, and XELH reversed the imbalance in CD4 + /CD8 + ratio in a dose-dependent manner ( Figures 7 and 10A -C).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

XiaoEr LianHuaQinqGan alleviates viral pneumonia in mice infected by influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses

Zhao

et al. 2022

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Context Xiaoer lianhuaqinqgan (XELH), developed based on Lianhua Qingwen (LHQW) prescription, contains 13 traditional Chinese medicines. It has completed the investigational new drug application to treat respiratory viral infections in children in China. Objective This study demonstrates the pharmacological effects of XELH against viral pneumonia. Materials and methods The antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of XELH were investigated in vitro using H3N2-infected A549 and LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in vivo using BALB/c mice models of influenza A virus (H3N2) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infection. Mice were divided into 7 groups ( n = 20): Control, Model, LHQW (0.5 g/kg), XELH-low (2 g/kg), XELH-medium (4 g/kg), XELH-high (8 g/kg), and positive drug (20 mg/kg oseltamivir or 60 mg/kg ribavirin) groups. The anti-inflammatory effects of XELH were tested in a rat model of LPS-induced fever and a mouse model of xylene-induced ear edoema. Results In vitro, XELH inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokines and replication of H1N1, H3N2, H1N1, FluB, H9N2, H6N2, H7N3, RSV, and HCoV-229E viruses, with (IC 50 47.4, 114, 79, 250, 99.2, 170, 79, 62.5, and 93 μg/mL, respectively). In vivo , XELH reduced weight loss and lung index, inhibited viral replication and macrophage M1 polarization, ameliorated lung damage, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in lung tissues, and increased the CD4 + /CD8 + ratio. XELH inhibited LPS-induced fever in rats and xylene-induced ear edoema in mice. Conclusion XELH efficacy partially depends on integrated immunoregulatory effects. XELH is a promising therapeutic option against childhood respiratory viral infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

XiaoEr LianHuaQinqGan alleviates viral pneumonia in mice infected by influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses

Zhao

et al. 2022

Pharmaceutical Biology

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“…SARS-COV-2 invaded multiple organs and tissues, leading to serious damage to the respiratory and immune systems ( 31 ). When SARS-COV-2 invades the immune system involving the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and bone marrow, lymph node atrophy, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes decrease significantly, especially T lymphocytes ( 32 ). In a study by Lian et al., M0 macrophages in COVID-19 were significantly increased, while the levels of M2 macrophages were not significantly altered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High expression of IL6 and decrease in immune cells in COVID-19 patients combined with myocardial injury

Chen

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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PurposeMyocardial injury, as a serious complication of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), increases the occurrence of adverse outcomes. Identification of key regulatory molecules of myocardial injury may help formulate corresponding treatment strategies and improve the prognosis of COVID-19 patients.MethodsGene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was conducted to identify co-regulatory pathways. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GSE150392 and GSE169241 were screened and an intersection analysis with key genes of the co-regulatory pathway was conducted. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to screen for key regulatory genes. Preliminarily screened genes were verified using other datasets to identify genes with consistent expression. Based on the hierarchical cluster, we divided the patients from GSE177477 into high- and low-risk groups and compared the proportion of immune cells. A total of 267 COVID-19 patients from the Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine from December 26, 2022, to January 11, 2023, were enrolled to verify the bioinformatics results. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze the risk factors for myocardial injury. According to high-sensitivity troponin (hsTnI) levels, patients with COVID-19 were divided into high- and low-sensitivity groups, and interleukin 6 (IL6) expression and lymphocyte subsets were compared. Patients were also divided into high and low groups according to the IL6 expression, and hsTnI levels were compared.ResultsInterleukin signaling pathway and GPCR ligand binding were shown to be co-regulatory pathways in myocardial injury associated with COVID-19. According to the hierarchical cluster analysis of seven genes (IL6, NFKBIA, CSF1, CXCL1, IL1R1, SOCS3, and CASP1), patients with myocardial injury could be distinguished from those without myocardial injury. Age, IL6 levels, and hospital stay may be factors influencing myocardial injury caused by COVID-19. Compared with COVID-19 patients without myocardial injury, the levels of IL6 in patients with myocardial injury increased, while the number of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and NK cells decreased (P<0.05). The hsTnI levels in COVID-19 patients with high IL6 levels were higher than those in patients with low IL6 (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe COVID-19 patients with myocardial injury had elevated IL6 expression and decreased lymphocyte counts. IL6 may participate in myocardial injury through the interleukin signaling pathway.

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“…Moreover, COVID-19 has been demonstrated to infect mononuclear cells. In postmortem lung T-cells, the presence of COVID-19 antigen was observed in CD4 positive T-cells indicating SARs-CoV-2 infection, and there have been reports of antibodymediated infection in monocytes and macrophages as well [4][5][6] .The impact of COVID-19 on human health has led to significant investment in new strategies including the development of new therapeutic agents to reduce the risk of infection, disease, and negative outcomes.One available oral antiviral treatment for COVID-19 is nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMR/RTV; PAXLOVID™) 7 . This drug is a combination of a SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 5(NSP5) protease inhibitor (PI) NMR, and…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In-vitro and in-vivo assessment of nirmatrelvir penetration into CSF, central nervous system cells, tissues, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Avedissian,

Malik,

Podany

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Three years after SARS-CoV-2 emerged as a global infectious threat, the virus has become endemic. The neurological complications such as depression, anxiety, and other CNS complications after COVID-19 disease are increasing. The brain, and CSF have been shown as viral reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2, yielding a potential hypothesis for CNS effects. Thus, we investigated the CNS pharmacology of orally dosed nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMR/RTV). Using both an in vitro and an in vivo rodent model, we investigated CNS penetration and potential pharmacodynamic activity of NMR. Through pharmacokinetic modeling, we estimated the median CSF penetration of NMR to be low at 18.11% of plasma with very low accumulation in rodent brain tissue. Based on the multiples of the 90% maximal effective concentration (EC90) for SARS-CoV-2, NMR concentrations in the CSF and brain do not achieve an exposure level similar to that of plasma. A median of only 16% of all the predicted CSF concentrations in rats were > 3xEC90 (unadjusted for protein binding). This may have implications for viral persistence and neurologic post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 if increased NMR penetration in the CNS leads to decreased CNS viral loads and decreased CNS inflammation.

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Relational interaction between T-lymphocytes and SARS-CoV-2: A review

Cited by 5 publications

References 36 publications

XiaoEr LianHuaQinqGan alleviates viral pneumonia in mice infected by influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses

XiaoEr LianHuaQinqGan alleviates viral pneumonia in mice infected by influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses

High expression of IL6 and decrease in immune cells in COVID-19 patients combined with myocardial injury

In-vitro and in-vivo assessment of nirmatrelvir penetration into CSF, central nervous system cells, tissues, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells

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