Parents have experienced considerable challenges and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may impact their well-being. This meta-analysis sought to identify: 1) the prevalence of depression and anxiety in parents of young children (< age 5) during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 2) sociodemographic (e.g., parent age, minority status) and methodological moderators (e.g., study quality) that explain heterogeneity among studies. A systematic search was conducted across four databases from January 1 st , 2020 to March 3 rd , 2021. A total of 18 non-overlapping studies (9,101 participants), all focused on maternal mental health, met inclusion criteria.Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted. Pooled prevalence estimates for clinically significant depression and anxiety symptoms for mothers of young children during the COVID-19 pandemic were 27.4% (95% CI: 21.5-34.3) and 43.5% (95% CI:27.5-60.9), respectively.Prevalence of clinically elevated depression and anxiety symptoms were higher in Europe and North America and among older mothers. Clinically elevated depressive symptoms were lower in studies with a higher percentage of racial and ethnic minority individuals. In comparison, clinically elevated anxiety symptoms were higher among studies of low study quality and in samples with highly educated mothers. Policies and resources targeting improvements in maternal mental health are essential.
P r e -p r i n t
Key Findings• Pooled prevalence rates of clinically elevated depression and anxiety symptoms of mothers of young children (under age 5 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic were 27.4% and 43.5%, respectively, indicating an increase from pre-pandemic estimates.• Estimates for depression symptoms were higher among studies from Europe and North America, with a higher proportion of older mothers and a lower proportion of racial and ethnic minority participants.• Estimates of anxiety symptoms were higher among low-quality studies, studies conducted in Europe and North America, studies with older mothers, and studies of highly educated mothers.P r e -p r i n t
Statement of RelevanceAs a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, mothers have faced significant challenges, including loss of social support and childcare, loss of employment, and increased financial strain.Consequently, mental health difficulties in mothers have increased nearly two-fold for depression and three-fold for anxiety from pre-pandemic estimates. Given that infant mental health is inextricably linked to the mental well-being of the caregiver, policies that decrease familial stress, increase social and financial resources, and support the mental health of mothers during and after the COVID-19 pandemic are needed.