Relations between EEG phenomena and potentials of single cortical cells. I. Evoked responses after thalamic and epicortical stimulation

Creutzfeldt, O. D.; Watanabe, Satoru; Lux, H. D.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(66)90136-2

Cited by 377 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…At the single-cell level, spike threshold, active dendritic processes, or spike rate saturation and refractory periods could have changed the effect of coincident input. Known properties of cortical networks also could have produced nonlinearity, including excitatory recurrent amplification or damping by recruitment of inhibition, which indeed are known to occur under extreme conditions of strong input (57)(58)(59). Nonetheless, we find that recurrent cortical networks are capable of linear behavior.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Cortical neural populations can guide behavior by integrating inputs linearly, independent of synchrony

Histed

Maunsell

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Neurons are sensitive to the relative timing of inputs, both because several inputs must coincide to reach spike threshold and because active dendritic mechanisms can amplify synchronous inputs. To determine if input synchrony can influence behavior, we trained mice to report activation of excitatory neurons in visual cortex using channelrhodopsin-2. We used light pulses that varied in duration from a few milliseconds to 100 ms and measured neuronal responses and animals' detection ability. We found detection performance was well predicted by the total amount of light delivered. Short pulses provided no behavioral advantage, even when they concentrated evoked spikes into an interval a few milliseconds long. Arranging pulses into trains of varying frequency from beta to gamma also produced no behavioral advantage. Light intensities required to drive behavior were low (at low intensities, channelrhodopsin-2 conductance varies linearly with intensity), and the accompanying changes in firing rate were small (over 100 ms, average change: 1.1 spikes per s). Firing rate changes varied linearly with pulse intensity and duration, and behavior was predicted by total spike count independent of temporal arrangement. Thus, animals' detection performance reflected the linear integration of total input over 100 ms. This behavioral linearity despite neurons' nonlinearities can be explained by a population code using noisy neurons. Ongoing background activity creates probabilistic spiking, allowing weak inputs to change spike probability linearly, with little amplification of coincident input. Summing across a population then yields a total spike count that weights inputs equally, regardless of their arrival time.neuronal circuits | population coding | optogenetics | mouse M any neurons in the brain receive thousands of inputs spread over their dendritic trees, and several of those inputs need to be active simultaneously to generate a spike reliably (1, 2). In this way, coincident synaptic inputs can be amplified relative to asynchronous inputs. In addition to this nonlinearity caused by spike threshold, other active processes such as dendritic calcium spikes (3-5) can preferentially amplify synchronous inputs. A variety of ways that timing could impact network function have been explored, including oscillatory synchronization (6, 7), strong cascading effects of individual neurons or synapses (8-11), and information encoding via temporal patterns (12). In the songbird, for example, song neurons receive precisely timed coincident input that recruits active calcium conductances, generating strong, reliable spike bursts that control the song (13, 14). However, synchrony might not always be critical for neuronal processing. Several types of models show that neuronal networks can be insensitive to precise spike timing even though individual neurons are highly sensitive. Most of these models rely on strong (15) or numerous (16-18) inputs and amplification of small perturbations, leading to chaotic network dynamics and noisy single neu...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Cortical neural populations can guide behavior by integrating inputs linearly, independent of synchrony

Histed

Maunsell

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…For example, DCR-N, the superficial response of ADRIAN (1936) or the dendritic potential of CHANG (1951), has been interpreted as the field potentials originating from EPSPs that occur in the neuronal elements of the superficial cortical layers (ECCLES, 1951;LI and CHOU, 1962;SUGAYA et al, 1964;CREUTZFELDT et al, 1966;YAMAMOTO and KAWAI, 1967;ARIKUNI and OCHS, 1973). It has also been suggested that the axons or their collaterals of stellate and pyramidal cells contribute as a component of superficial horizontal fibers to the generation of DCR-N (SUZUKI and OCHS, 1964;OCHS and SUZUKI, 1965).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ADRIAN, 1936;ROSENBLUETH and CANNON, 1942;BURNS, 1950;CHANG, 1951;OCHS,1956;PURPURA and GRUNDFEST;BROOKS and ENGER, 1959;SUZUKI and OCHS, 1964;OCHS and SUZUKI, 1965). Attempts were also made to identify the responses of single neurons (BURNS and GRAFSTEIN, 1952;LI and CHOU, 1962;SUGAYA et al, 1964;CREUTZFELDT et al, 1966;ROSENTHAL et al, 1967;PHILLIS and OCHS, 1971;ARIKUNI and OCHS, 1973;RONNER et al, 1980). By adopting the epicortical stimulation (EPICS), the present study aims to analyze the neuronal network in the cat motor cortex on the basis of the intracellular responses recorded from all the cortical layer neurons.…”

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confidence: 99%

Vertical spread of neuronal activity within the cat motor cortex investigated with epicortical stimulation and intracellular recording.

1985

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1) In the encephale isole cat preparation the surface of precruciate cortex was electrically stimulated. Intracellular responses underneath the stimulated site were recorded to assess the vertical spread of activities across the cortical layers. 2) To the epicortical stimulation (EPICS) with intensity adjusted to evoke a pure negative wave in the direct cortical response (DCR), only some neurons in relatively superficial layers responded with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). 3) Stimuli intensified to evoke both the negative and subsequent positive waves in DCR produced in all tested cells either EPSPs, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), or both. Direct or axonal antidromic excitation of the cell was observed only infrequently. 4) Cells with EPSPs distributed through all the layers with two peak populations in laminae II and V-VI. Those with IPSPs were located mainly in the upper half of lamina III with a few in more superficial as well as in deeper layers. Both EPSPs and IPSPs showed mono-or oligosynaptic latencies (0.6-10 msec) that tended to become longer in deep than in superficial layers. 5) Some deep layer cells including fast and slow pyramidal tract cells showed slowly rising monosynaptic EPSPs of dendritic origin. 6) Further late responses consisted of EPSPs, IPSPs, disfacilitation (DF), and disinhibition (DI). DF or DI occurred in some deep layer cells. 7) Two modes of vertical spread of activities were postulated : one the cascade transmissions which increased response repertoire toward the depths, and the other the electrotonic spread of EPSPs along dendrites.

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“…This is followed by complex patterns of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials across all cortical laminae of longer duration and lower frequency (1-4 Hz). The N1 of the CCEP bears great similarity to the early excitatory cortical response resultant from feed-forward input, whereas the later N2 is reminiscent of the later response [62]. It is likely that both locally driven oscillations with sequences of excitation and inhibition as well as recurrent relay volleys contribute to this prolonged response to even the briefest of stimulation [78][79][80].…”

Section: Electro-mechanistic Basis Of Cortico-cortical Evoked Potentialsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Mapping human brain networks with cortico-cortical evoked potentials

Keller

Honey

Mégevand

et al. 2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

189

212

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The cerebral cortex forms a sheet of neurons organized into a network of interconnected modules that is highly expanded in humans and presumably enables our most refined sensory and cognitive abilities. The links of this network form a fundamental aspect of its organization, and a great deal of research is focusing on understanding how information flows within and between different regions. However, an often-overlooked element of this connectivity regards a causal, hierarchical structure of regions, whereby certain nodes of the cortical network may exert greater influence over the others. While this is difficult to ascertain non-invasively, patients undergoing invasive electrode monitoring for epilepsy provide a unique window into this aspect of cortical organization. In this review, we highlight the potential for cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP) mapping to directly measure neuronal propagation across large-scale brain networks with spatio-temporal resolution that is superior to traditional neuroimaging methods. We first introduce effective connectivity and discuss the mechanisms underlying CCEP generation. Next, we highlight how CCEP mapping has begun to provide insight into the neural basis of non-invasive imaging signals. Finally, we present a novel approach to perturbing and measuring brain network function during cognitive processing. The direct measurement of CCEPs in response to electrical stimulation represents a potentially powerful clinical and basic science tool for probing the large-scale networks of the human cerebral cortex.

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Relations between EEG phenomena and potentials of single cortical cells. I. Evoked responses after thalamic and epicortical stimulation

Cited by 377 publications

References 33 publications

Cortical neural populations can guide behavior by integrating inputs linearly, independent of synchrony

Cortical neural populations can guide behavior by integrating inputs linearly, independent of synchrony

Vertical spread of neuronal activity within the cat motor cortex investigated with epicortical stimulation and intracellular recording.

Mapping human brain networks with cortico-cortical evoked potentials

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