Relationship among metabolizing genes, smoking and alcohol used as modifier factors on prostate cancer risk: Exploring some gene?gene and gene?environment interactions

Abstract

Our findings suggest that the interaction between genetic polymorphisms in GST (T1; M1) and CYP1A1-M1* would play a significant role as a modifying factor on PCa risk in Chilean people. However, these preliminary exploratory results should be confirmed in a larger study.

Are GSTM1, GSTT1 and CAG Repeat Length of Androgen Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Risk of Prostate Cancer in Iranian Patients?

“…Analysis of the repeat length with respect to patients' age showed that the age at diagnosis was not related to size of this polymorphism. The CAG repeat length was used to dichotomize the study subjects, men with short alleles [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and long alleles [21][22][23][24][25][26] (Tables 2, 3). Men with CAG repeat length ≤21 had ten fold increases risk for cancer than those with length >21 (OR=10.1, CI 95%; 4.38-23.3).…”

Famacogénica del cáncer: Estudio de variaciones genéticamente determinadas en la susceptibilidad a cáncer por exposición a xenobióticos

“…Esta diferencia se podría explicar, por tres razones: 1) diferencias étnicas, que pueden producir variación en la expresión de enzimas que activan o inactivan carcinógenos medioambientales 116 , 2) falta de asociación debido al análisis de grupos muy pequeños o pruebas estadísticas inadecuadas para analizar bajas frecuencias en poblaciones [117][118][119] , y 3) ligamiento de polimorfismos, que pueden explicar más acertadamente la susceptibilidad a cáncer 97,98 .…”

“…Varios polimorfismos metabólicos se encontrarían diferencialmente asociados con un aumento en el riesgo a cáncer 13,93 , incluidos los de pulmón 4 , mama 94,95 , próstata 15,[96][97][98] , estóma-go 55 …”

Pharmacogenomic Applications in the Developing World: The American Continent

“…PGENI, through its regional centers in Latin America, is currently sponsoring a study of the genetic variation in metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes in Mexicans and Brazilians, by means of the Affymetrix DMET chip, which features markers in all FDA-validated PGx genes. Although considerable information has accumulated over the last decade on cancer risk associated with genetic variation in drug metabolic pathways and transporters in Latin American populations (e.g., Arruda et al 2001 ;Cáceres et al 2005 ;Juárez-Cedillo et al 2007 ;Piranda et al 2010 ;Vargens et al 2011 ) , PGx trials of prescribed drugs have been limited to a few therapeutic groups and populations. Space limitation does not allow for a comprehensive review of PGx studies across Latin America, and the following sections will focus on Brazil, which has been the main source of PGx information on Latin American countries (Table 10.1 ).…”