Relationship Among Species Diversities and Soil Properties in Endangered 
            <i>Calophaca sinica</i> habitats in Tianlong Mountain, Shanxi, China

Ma, Qianqian; Duan, Yihao; Shang, Guan Tieliang; Li, Hua; Guo, Hongze; Zhang, Qiuhua

doi:10.3724/sp.j.1145.2012.00391

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“…soongorica , often occur in middle or low montane belts at altitudes of 800–2800 m, sometimes in meadows or steppe, with most individuals occurring in juniper forests or shrublands [ 14 , 17 ]. Calophaca sinica , in the northern China mountains, likewise grows in forest or shrubland [ 65 ]. Calophaca wolgarica , a shrub endemic to the Caucasus and eastern Europe, occurs on steppe, plains, and limestone hills [ 14 , 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Calophaca (Fabaceae) Reveals Multiple Dispersals in Central Asian Mountains

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThe Central Asian flora plays a significant role in Eurasia and the Northern Hemisphere. Calophaca, a member of this flora, includes eight currently recognized species, and is centered in Central Asia, with some taxa extending into adjacent areas. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus utilizing nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid trnS-trnG and rbcL sequences was carried out in order to confirm its taxonomic status and reconstruct its evolutionary history.Methodology/Principal FindingWe employed BEAST Bayesian inference for dating, and S-DIVA and BBM for ancestral area reconstruction, to study its spatiotemporal evolution. Our results show that Calophacais monophyletic and nested within Caragana. The divergence time of Calophaca is estimated at ca. 8.0 Ma, most likely driven by global cooling and aridification, influenced by rapid uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau margins.Conclusions/SignificanceAccording to ancestral area reconstructions, the genus most likely originated in the Pamir Mountains, a global biodiversity hotspot and hypothesized Tertiary refugium of many Central Asian plant lineages. Dispersals from this location are inferred to the western Tianshan Mountains, then northward to the Tarbagatai Range, eastward to East Asia, and westward to the Caucasus, Russia, and Europe. The spatiotemporal evolution of Calophaca provides a case contributing to an understanding of the flora and biodiversity of the Central Asian mountains and adjacent regions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%