Relationship Between a Teacher Educator's Questions and the Development of Prospective Teachers’ Critical Thinking

Abstract

Purpose This study explores the relationships between the cognitive demands of the questions asked by a teacher educator (TE) and prospective teachers’ (PT) capacity for critical thinking (CT). Design/Approach/Methods Participants comprised a TE and 32 PTs. The cognitive demands of the TE's questions and PTs’ CT were analyzed using a systematic observation approach. Findings Results indicate that there are tangible connections between the increasing mental demand of TE questions and PTs’ higher-order cognitive processing. The PTs achieved higher-order CT when the TE asked more cognitively demanding questions. For instance, when the TE's questions were pitched at the cognitive demand levels—namely, the analyze, evaluate, and/or create levels—the PT answers were longer and reflected higher CT, such as inductive reasoning, suggesting new ways of thinking, or legitimating the arguments of others. Accordingly, results suggest that intentionally subjecting PTs to sustained higher cognitive demands via questions may help them reach their optimal CT capacity. Originality/Value Although proposed teaching strategies have been invaluable in proposing content-specific interventions for fostering the CT of university students, how lecturers should use their questions to conduct such interventions has been overlooked. This study addresses this gap.

Systematic Literature Review: TPACK-Integrated Design Thinking in Education

“…The fourth research question on the distribution of TPACK-integrated Design Thinking by publication year (Figure 4.) describes the most publications on TPACK-integrated design thinking in 2017 ( 30 % n = 3) (Oxman, 2017;Wrigley et al, 2017;Khan et al, 2017), 2 Design Thinking 2018 publications ( 20 % n = 2) (Elsbach & Stigliani, 2018;Mcgann et al, 2018) serta tahun 2019-2023 only 1 publication of TPACKintegrated Design Thinking (Panke, 2019;Gill & Berezina, 2020;Albay & Eisma, 2021;Solodikhina & Solodikhina, 2022;Soysal & Soysal, 2023).…”