Relationship between adipocytokines and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Abstract. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between serum profiles of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin and traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 85 patients with T2DM and 30 non-diabetic controls were enrolled in the study. Levels of adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin), lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides), lipoproteins [HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, lipoprotein (a)], apolipoproteins (Apo-A1 and Apo-B), non-traditional cardiovascular risk markers [asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), homocysteine] and the inflammatory marker hs-CRP were measured, and anthropometric variables were determined. Serum adiponectin levels were decreased and leptin, resistin and visfatin levels were increased in T2DM patients compared to controls. They were associated with obesity (BMI), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and various markers of glucose/lipid profile, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction markers. These results suggest that decreased serum adiponectin and increased leptin, resistin and visfatin levels in T2DM may be novel biochemical risk factors for cardiovascular complications.

The role of leptin/adiponectin ratio in metabolic syndrome and diabetes

“…In turn, the resulting hyperinsulinemia may exacerbate obesity and further increase leptin levels, resulting in a diabetogenic positive feedback loop [36,37]. In support of this proposal, Uslu et al [35] found a close relationship between insulin and leptin levels in DM2 patients. Moreover, this group observed that leptin levels were positively correlated with TG, lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)], Apo-A1, glucose, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure levels, and negatively with HDL-C levels in DM2 patients.…”

“…Paradoxically, markedly increased plasma leptin levels were found in obese individuals, suggesting a resistance to its effects on target organs when produced excessively [33]. Increased leptin levels were correlated both with BMI and IR in DM2 patients [34][35][36]. IR was found to indirectly contribute to hyperleptinemia [37], and it has been reported that the hyperinsulinemia that frequently accompanies obesity is likely to result in increased obesogenic gene expression and higher plasma leptin levels [31].…”

Asymmetric dimethylarginine is negatively correlated with hyperglycemia in children

“…The subjects with hyper-duction, which is caused by impaired eNOS activity and expression, and increased production of superoxide anion and ADMA as well as vasoconstrictor factors, such as endothelin-1, and sympathetic nerve activation [33]. Uslu and colleagues reported that ADMA levels were correlated with hypoadiponectinemia and hyperleptinemia [34]. Adiponectin and leptin increases NO production in vascular endothelium and inhibits endothelial cell activation; both of these effects would be impaired by decreased adiponectin levels, leptin resistance and/or increased ADMA levels.…”

Visfatin: a new player in rheumatic diseases

“…However, the validity of published data regarding its insulin-mimetic properties is under debate [9,10]. Despite this, it has been described that visfatin potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic human islets [11] and elevated plasma levels of visfatin have been found in patients with type 2 [12,13] and type 1 diabetes mellitus [7].…”