Relationship Between Bactericidal Activity and the Hydrophobicity-Hydrophilicity Balance of Alcohol Solutions.

Yamashita, Masaru; Takeno, Akira

doi:10.4265/bio.6.107

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Despite these differences, all the wipes had similar bactericidal activity, which did not meet the EN 16615 benchmark. Wipes C, containing propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol, had the highest bactericidal activity (against P. aeruginosa ), which is consistent with earlier reports [19,20]. Similar to previous studies, we found that Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible to alcohol than were Gram-positive bacteria [17,19].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Wipes C, containing propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol, had the highest bactericidal activity (against P. aeruginosa ), which is consistent with earlier reports [19,20]. Similar to previous studies, we found that Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible to alcohol than were Gram-positive bacteria [17,19]. Andersen et al showed that the bacterial reduction with ethanol wipes did not meet the EN 16615 benchmark (< 3 lg) [21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Bactericidal Activity of Ready-To-Use Alcohol-Based Commercial Wipes According to EN 16615 Carrier Standard

Tarka

Chojecka

Paduch

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Background: The effectiveness of ready-to-use disinfectant wipes was previously assessed in standardized suspension tests, which were inadequate because they ignored that the wipes are rubbed against a surface. Thus, we assessed the effectiveness of commercially available disinfectant wipes impregnated with an alcoholic solution according to the 16615 standard, which includes a test with mechanical action. Methods: According to the EN 16615 standard, under clean conditions, four squares (5cm x 5 cm), placed next to one another, were marked on a test surface. Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were inoculated on the leftmost square, and a wipe impregnated with an alcoholic solution was placed to the left of that square. Then, the wipe was pressed with a 2.5 kg weight and moved to the right and back to the left. After contact times of 1, 5, 10, or 15 minutes, we measured the reduction in bacterial load. Results: Alcohol-based ready-to-use commercial wipes did not show sufficient bactericidal activity at the contact times of 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Wipes containing propan-1-ol and a mixture of propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol were active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the contact times of 1 minute and 15 minutes. None of the examined wipes were active against Enterococcus hirae or Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Bactericidal parameters of ready-to-use disinfectant wipes should be determined in surface tests, in addition to suspension tests, because suspension tests do not simulate the conditions under which disinfectant wipes are used in practice.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Bactericidal Activity of Ready-To-Use Alcohol-Based Commercial Wipes According to EN 16615 Carrier Standard

Tarka

Chojecka

Paduch

et al. 2019

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…While little is known about the specific bactericidal mechanism of ethanol, it is generally hypothesized that the solvent targets the cell membrane, causing catastrophic damage to the phospholipid layers, as well as intracellular proteins, leading to irreversible denaturation of these biomolecules [ 7 ]. As such, the inclusion of water molecules at 30% - 40% v/v helps to optimize the hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity balance of the ethanol, allowing better penetration of the chemical entity into and/or through the bacterial cell membrane [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on CDC's requirement, an effective alcohol-based sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol [3][4][5]. A study by Masaru et al showed that the effect of ethanol concentration on bactericidal potency follows a U-shape profile, where antibacterial functionalities improved with increasing ethanol concentration before dipping drastically at 100% ethanol [6]. This could be attributed to the bactericidal mechanism of ethanol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the antibacterial efficacy and functionality of different commercial alcohol-based sanitizers

Lim¹,

Dinata

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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The use of alcohol-based sanitizers has been recommended as an effective alternative to clean hands, especially in the case when hand washing is not doable. This is especially critical with the COVID-19 pandemic, where personal hygiene is an important factor to deter the spread of the virus. This study assesses and evaluates the differences in antibacterial efficacy and functionalities of five different commercial alcohol-based sanitizers with different formulations. All sanitizers were able to provide instant sanitization functionality, effectively killing 5x105 CFU/mL of inoculated bacteria. However, comparing pure alcohol-based sanitizers against alcohol-based sanitizers with a secondary active ingredient demonstrated that the addition of a secondary active ingredient enhanced the effectiveness and functionalities of the sanitizers. Alcohol-based sanitizers with secondary active ingredients demonstrated a more rapid antimicrobial mode of action, eradicating all 106 CFU/mL of bacteria within 15 seconds of contact, in contrast to the 30 min for purely alcohol-based sanitizers. The secondary active ingredient also provided additional anti-biofilm functionality to prevent opportunistic microbes from attaching and proliferating on the treated surface, leading to serious biofilm formation. On top of that, treatment of surfaces with alcohol-based sanitizers with secondary active ingredients also imparted prolonged antimicrobial protection to the surface lasting up to 24 h. On the other hand, purely alcohol-based sanitizers do not seem to possess such quality with the treated surface being vulnerable to microbial contamination within minutes after application. These results highlighted the benefits of adding a secondary active ingredient in sanitizer formulation. However, care needs to be taken to evaluate the type and concentration of antimicrobial agents chosen as the secondary active ingredient.

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In vitro antibacterial effects of statins against bacterial pathogens causing skin infections

Lareu

Dix

et al. 2018

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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With financial considerations impeding research and development of new antibiotics, drug repurposing (finding new indications for old drugs) emerges as a feasible alternative. Statins are extensively prescribed around the world to lower cholesterol, but they also possess inherent antimicrobial properties. This study identifies statins with the greatest potential to be repurposed as topical antibiotics and postulates a mechanism of action for statins' antibacterial activity. Using broth microdilution, the direct antibacterial effects of all seven parent statins currently registered for human use and three selected statin metabolites were tested against bacterial skin pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens. Simvastatin and pitavastatin lactone exerted the greatest antibacterial effects (minimum inhibitory concentrations of 64 and 128 μg/mL, respectively) against S. aureus. None of the statins tested were effective against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, or S. marcescens, but simvastatin hydroxy acid acid might be active against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. marcescens at drug concentrations > 256 μg/mL. It was found that S. aureus may exhibit a paradoxical growth effect when exposed to simvastatin; thus, treatment failure at high drug concentrations is theoretically probable. Through structure-activity relationship analysis, we postulate that statins' antibacterial action may involve disrupting the teichoic acid structures or decreasing the number of alanine residues present on Gram-positive bacterial cell surfaces, which could reduce biofilm formation, diminish bacterial adhesion to environmental surfaces, or impede S. aureus cell division.

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Relationship Between Bactericidal Activity and the Hydrophobicity-Hydrophilicity Balance of Alcohol Solutions.

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Bactericidal Activity of Ready-To-Use Alcohol-Based Commercial Wipes According to EN 16615 Carrier Standard

Bactericidal Activity of Ready-To-Use Alcohol-Based Commercial Wipes According to EN 16615 Carrier Standard

Comparing the antibacterial efficacy and functionality of different commercial alcohol-based sanitizers

In vitro antibacterial effects of statins against bacterial pathogens causing skin infections

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