Relationship between cervical disease and infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2

Abstract

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV, particularly Type HPV 16 and 18, is necessary in the development of cervical cancer, but apart from HPV infection, other causative factors of most cervical cancers remain unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV 16 and HPV 18 and HSV 1 and HSV 2 in cervical samples, and to assess the role of HSVs in cervical carcinogenesis. Two hundred thirty-three healthy controls and 567 cases (333 of cervicitis, 210 of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and 24 of squamous cell carcinoma) in cervical exfoliative cells were tested for HPV 16, HPV 18, HSV 1, and HSV 2 DNA using the triplex real-time polymerase chain reaction method. In contrast to healthy women, positive rate of HPV is related significantly to cervical lesions (odds ratios (ORs) = 4.1, P < 0.01 for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; ORs = 24.9, P < 0.01 for squamous cell carcinoma), but not cervicitis (ORs = 2.3, P > 0.05). HSV 2 prevalence in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma was higher than in healthy women (ORs = 4.9, P < 0.05 for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; ORs = 4.7, P < 0.05 for squamous cell carcinoma). HSV 2 coinfection with HPV in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma was strongly higher than in healthy women (ORs = 34.2, P < 0.01 for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; ORs = 61.1, P < 0.01 for squamous cell carcinoma). The obtained results indicated that the presence of HPV is associated closely with cervical cancer, and that HSV 2 infection or co-infection with HPV might be involved in cervical cancer development, while HSV 1 might not be involved.

Human Papillomavirus Infection and Human Cancer

“…The authors conclude that HSV 2 coinfection with HPVs may be of importance in the development of cervical neoplasias [Zhao et al 2012].…”

Virus and Cervical Cancer: Role and implication: A Review

“…The prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 reported is 10.7% in healthy cervix, 31.5% in cervicitis, 46.7% in CIN and 83.3% in squamous cell carcinoma. Hence the emergence of novel markers of HPV infection and cervical cancer screening that increase positive predictive value of current screening methods (Abreu et al, 2012;Apgar et al, 2009;Jin et al, 2013;Villa and Denny, 2006;Wright et al, 2007;Zhao et al, 2012).…”

“…However, still the issue is controversial and unclear ranging from no association to synergetic role with HPV in causing severe cervical lesions. Some study also states that cervical cancer may predispose to HSV-2 infection (Lehtinen et al, 2002;Zhao et al, 2012).…”

“…2). HSV-2 is associated with squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix (Jones, 1995;Lehtinen et al, 2002;Smith et al, 2002;Zhao et al, 2012). HSV-2 infection is detected by RT-PCR, PCR, in-situ hybridization techniques and serological methods of which RT-PCR is more reliable.…”

“…HSV-2 infection is detected by RT-PCR, PCR, in-situ hybridization techniques and serological methods of which RT-PCR is more reliable. The use of immunoglobulin A than immunoglobulin G as a marker for the presence of HSV-2 correlates with various stages of cervical cancer (Jones, 1995;Zhao et al, 2012).…”