Relationship between Childhood Hyperactivity and Accident Proneness

Gayton, William F.; Bailey, Carol; Wagner, Ann E.; Hardesty, Vaughn A.

doi:10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.801

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Children with ADHD have been shown to be more accident prone than other children [53], likely because of their tendencies toward impulsive, overactive behavior. They are also more likely than other children to experience injuries due to accidents, such as broken bones, lacerations, head injuries, bruises, lost teeth, or accidental poisonings [54,55].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the economic burden of ADHD

Matza

Paramore

Prasad

2005

Cost Eff Resour Alloc

200

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder that is associated with broad functional impairment among both children and adults. The purpose of this paper is to review and summarize available literature on the economic costs of ADHD, as well as potential economic benefits of treating this condition. A literature search was performed using MEDLINE to identify all published articles on the economic implications of ADHD, and authors were contacted to locate conference abstracts and articles in press that were not yet indexed. In total, 22 relevant items were located including published original studies, economic review articles, conference presentations, and reports available on the Internet. All costs were updated and presented in terms of year 2004 US dollars. A growing body of literature, primarily published in the United States, has demonstrated that ADHD places a substantial economic burden on patients, families, and third-party payers. Results of the medical cost studies consistently indicated that children with ADHD had higher annual medical costs than either matched controls (difference ranged from $503 to $1,343) or non-matched controls (difference ranged from $207 to $1,560) without ADHD. Two studies of adult samples found similar results, with significantly higher annual medical costs among adults with ADHD (ranging from $4,929 to $5,651) than among matched controls (ranging from $1,473 to $2,771). A limited number of studies have examined other economic implications of ADHD including costs to families; costs of criminality among individuals with ADHD; costs related to common psychiatric and medical comorbidities of ADHD; indirect costs associated with work loss among adults with ADHD; and costs of accidents among individuals with ADHD. Treatment cost-effectiveness studies have primarily focused on methylphenidate, which is a cost-effective treatment option with cost-effectiveness ratios ranging from $15,509 to $27,766 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. As new treatments are introduced it will be important to evaluate their cost-effectiveness to provide an indication of their potential value to clinicians, patients, families, and third-party payers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the economic burden of ADHD

Matza

Paramore

Prasad

2005

Cost Eff Resour Alloc

200

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“…Specifically, those with ADHD tend to demonstrate more dangerous driving behavior [6]–[8], increased involvement in traffic accidents [9], [10], increased criminality [11], [12], more risky sexual behavior [13], [14], and increased drug abuse [15]. In addition, in their meta-analytic review, Lee, Humphreys, Flory, Liu, & Glass [16] concluded that childhood ADHD was a risk factor for the dependence on, and abuse of, nicotine, alcohol, marihuana, and cocaine later in life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risky Behavior in Gambling Tasks in Individuals with ADHD – A Systematic Literature Review

et al. 2013

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ObjectiveThe aim of this review was to gain insight into the relationship between Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and risky performance in gambling tasks and to identify any potential alternate explanatory factors.MethodsPsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge were searched for relevant literature comparing individuals with ADHD to normal controls (NCs) in relation to their risky performance on a gambling task. In total, fourteen studies in children/adolescents and eleven studies in adults were included in the review.ResultsHalf of the studies looking at children/adolescents with ADHD found evidence that they run more risks on gambling tasks when compared to NCs. Only a minority of the studies on adults with ADHD reported aberrant risky behavior. The effect sizes ranged from small to large for both age groups and the outcome pattern did not differ between studies that applied an implicit or explicit gambling task. Two studies demonstrated that comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) increased risky behavior in ADHD. Limited and/or inconsistent evidence was found that comorbid internalizing disorders (IDs), ADHD subtype, methylphenidate use, and different forms of reward influenced the outcomes.ConclusionThe evidence for increased risky performance of individuals with ADHD on gambling tasks is mixed, but is stronger for children/adolescents with ADHD than for adults with ADHD, which may point to developmental changes in reward and/or penalty sensitivity or a publication bias for positive findings in children/adolescents. The literature suggests that comorbid ODD/CD is a risk factor in ADHD for increased risky behavior. Comorbid IDs, ADHD subtype, methylphenidate use, and the form of reward received may affect risky performance in gambling tasks; however, these factors need further examination. Finally, the implications of the findings for ADHD models and the ecological validity of gambling tasks are discussed.

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“…Findings that, e.g., children are more at risk from injury through accidents when fathers rather than mothers are involved in taking care of them suggests that maybe mothers have specific care giving mechanisms involving adaptive worry (Schwebel and Brezausek, 2004). Regarding risk perception, it is also of interest to consider how more impulsive children with ADHD seem to be more hypophobic of dangerous situations than children in general (Barkley, 2001;DiScala, Lescohier, Barthel, and Li, 1998;Gayton, Bailey, Wagner, and Hardesty, 1986;Swensen et al, 2004), as well as the findings that children with a highly active and risk taking temperament engage in more risk taking behavior and thus experience more unintentional injuries (Matheny, 1987;Plumert and Schwebel, 1997;Potts, Martinez, and Dedmon, 1995;Schwebel, Brezausek, and Belsky, 2006;Schwebel and Plumert, 1999). However, one needs to differentiate between disturbed risk taking behavior and normal risky play.…”

Section: Risky Play and Hypophobiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Children's Risky Play from an Evolutionary Perspective: The Anti-Phobic Effects of Thrilling Experiences

2011

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This theoretical article views children's risky play from an evolutionary perspective, addressing specific evolutionary functions and especially the anti-phobic effects of risky play. According to the non-associative theory, a contemporary approach to the etiology of anxiety, children develop fears of certain stimuli (e.g., heights and strangers) that protect them from situations they are not mature enough to cope with, naturally through infancy. Risky play is a set of motivated behaviors that both provide the child with an exhilarating positive emotion and expose the child to the stimuli they previously have feared. As the child's coping skills improve, these situations and stimuli may be mastered and no longer be feared. Thus fear caused by maturational and age relevant natural inhibition is reduced as the child experiences a motivating thrilling activation, while learning to master age adequate challenges. It is concluded that risky play may have evolved due to this anti-phobic effect in normal child development, and it is suggested that we may observe an increased neuroticism or psychopathology in society if children are hindered from partaking in age adequate risky play.

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Relationship between Childhood Hyperactivity and Accident Proneness

Cited by 28 publications

References 2 publications

A review of the economic burden of ADHD

A review of the economic burden of ADHD

Risky Behavior in Gambling Tasks in Individuals with ADHD – A Systematic Literature Review

Children's Risky Play from an Evolutionary Perspective: The Anti-Phobic Effects of Thrilling Experiences

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