Relationship between density and stiffness of apple flesh

Vincent, Julian F. V.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740470406

Cited by 96 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…For example, Kokubo, Kuraishi, and Sakurai (1989) show that the strength of the stems of barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars placed in bending is highly correlated (r = .90) with the area of cell walls of sclerenchyma, as well as with the cellulose content of cell walls in general (r = .93). Similarly, Vincent (1982) showed that the strength of grass leaves is highly correlated with the volume fraction of sclerenchyma in leaf laminae. These two studies and others suggest that dehydration of plant tissues can effect changes in the material properties, such as E, of tissues and organs by influencing tissue geometry (the densification of cell walls per unit volume of tissue).…”

Section: Log Wl+log Lpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work of fracture for grass leaves is relatively high for many biological structures-for example, about 40 J -m -2 for leaves o f perennial English rye grass, Lolium perenne (Vincent 1982).…”

Section: S T R E N G T Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus some correlations among anatomy, mechanical properties, and the location of tissues along the length of leaves must exist a priori. Nonethe less, when taken together, the work o f Greenberg et al (1989) and Vincent (1982) has demonstrated a strain-rate dependency of the mechanical proper ties of grass leaves and shown that these properties correlate with the volume fractions of different tissues within a plant organ.…”

Section: H a P T E R S E Venmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two fundamental types of experiments are used to quantify the mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials: dynamic experiments and transient experiments. Dynamic experiments are those in which either stress or strain is varied cyclically with time and the mechanical response o f the material is measured over various frequencies o f deformation (Vincent 1990a). They tend to be procedurally and mathematically complex.…”

Section: Dyldtmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The volume fraction of vascular bundles is comparable to that of the sclerenchyma fibers (4.12% ), yet Vincent reports that the bundles contribute very little to the rigidity and strength of leaves. Vincent (1982) modeled the leaves as a composite material with a longitudinal modulus EL that equals the sum of the transverse modulus Et and the product of the elastic modulus and the volume fraction of each tissue, according to the rule of mixtures:…”

Section: H a P T E R S E Venmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant Biomechanics: An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function.

Spicer¹,

Niklas²

1993

The Journal of Ecology

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PrefaceThe same thoughts sometimes put forth quite differently in the mind of an other than in that of their author: unfruitful in their natural soil, abundant when transplanted. Blaise Pascal, The Art of PersuasionThe aim of this book is to explore how plants function, grow, reproduce, and evolve within the limits set by their physical environment. It was written in the firm belief that organisms cannot violate the laws of physics and chem istry and that knowing how these laws operate and confine the organic expres sion of size, form, and structure is essential to understanding biology. This perspective is shared by a number of disciplines-physiology and ecology to name just tw o-and traces its conceptual roots to the principal concerns of early comparative morphologists and anatomists. It differs only slightly from the bulk of biology by its emphasis on using the principles of physics and engineering to answer fundamental questions about the relation between form and function, but it clearly defines the intellectual scope of what has become known as biomechanics-a discipline that operates at the interface between engineering and biology.The biological and engineering sciences have much in common. Both ex plore the relationships that exist between form and function. Both recognize that these relationships are contingent on local environmental conditions. Both are experimental sciences that strive for quantitative rigor by applying rich theoretical frameworks that must be constantly tested under field condi tions. And both fully recognize that more often than not the phenomena they treat resist the tidy, elegant solutions so characteristic of the pure physical sciences. Despite their parallels, however, engineering and biology are not entirely compatible sciences. Typically the engineer does not deal with sys tems capable of altering form and substance in response to environmental ix X P reface changes. The engineer determines form-function relationships a priori and can find closed-form solutions to them because the geometry and the physical properties of the materials used in construction are carefully contrived and specified beforehand. By contrast, the biologist must infer function and must derive solutions for the behavior of an organism whose geometry and material properties often conform to no known fabricated structure or material and whose physical properties alter with age.This book is not an attempt to reduce biology to a few simple equations, since those available from engineering are based on assumptions that orga nisms constantly violate-often with great elegance and subtlety. Rather, the equations presented here are a distillation of how mechanical and physical systems should ideally behave and how physical parameters ought to quanti tatively interact-equations that reduce engineering concepts to the staccato music of mathematics but that are secondary to the harmonies and thematic variations that define the composition o f the organic world.Rather than a comprehensive review, this book must be vi...

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Section: Log Wl+log Lpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: S T R E N G T Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: H a P T E R S E Venmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dyldtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: H a P T E R S E Venmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Plant Biomechanics: An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function.

Spicer¹,

Niklas²

1993

The Journal of Ecology

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Plant Biomechanics

Vincent

2011

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The mechanical design of plants is based on the tensile properties of cellulose molecules which combine to form stiff nanofibrils from which the wall surrounding all plant cells is mainly constructed. Simple plants such as liverworts are made from few cell types and rely for their stiffness on the osmotically maintained pressure (turgor) of water inside the cell reacting against the stiff cellulose. As plants evolved and grew towards the light they developed larger fibres which transmit the forces more effectively and convert the plant into a complex prestressed structure, but still largely dependent on water pressure for its rigidity. Increased structural complexity leads to increased fracture resistance and durability. Lignin glues the nanofibrils together so that the fibres, and then the cell walls in general, can take compressive forces, and tall herbs and trees evolve. Some plants (lianas, creeping herbs, Spanish moss, etc.) can grow large relying on simple tension under gravitation.

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