Relationship between dietary carbohydrate quality index and metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects: a case-control study from Ghana

Abstract

Background Dietary carbohydrate quality may play an important role in disease development. We evaluated the association between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and the odds of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects in Ghana. Methods In this case-control study, we analyzed data using 124 T2DM subjects. We obtained dietary information using 2-day 24-h dietary recalls. We calculated CQI from dietary fiber, glycemic index, whole grains/total grains ratio, and solid carbohydrates/total carbohydrates ratio. Serum lipid profiles were measured after an overnight fast of 8–12 h. Results Upon adjustments for the effects of covariates, the CQI showed a positive association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (beta coefficient (β) = 0.24; standard error (SE) = 0.20; P for trend = 0.01), and an inverse relationship with waist circumference (β = − 17.29; SE = 4.00; P for trend < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (β = − 15.74; SE = 4.69; P for trend < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (β = − 7.23; SE = 2.97; P for trend = 0.02), and triglyceride concentrations (β = − 0.43; SE = 0.11; P for trend < 0.001). Overall, the CQI had an inverse relationship with the odds of MetS (Odds ratio tertile 3 vs.1 0.05; 95% Confidence interval: 0.01–0.23; p-trend < 0.001). Also, a positive correlation was found between the CQI and fiber, but the CQI showed a negative relationship with dietary glycemic index. Conclusions The present results suggest an inverse association between the CQI of a diet and the odds of MetS. The CQI approach of dietary recommendation may be a useful strategy for dietary carbohydrate selection for the prevention of MetS.

Interactions between Vitamin D Genetic Risk and Dietary Factors on Metabolic Disease-Related Outcomes in Ghanaian Adults

“…However, studies focusing on the relationship between fiber intake and obesity in the African population are limited. A recent crosssectional study in 406 Ghanaian men (20-29 years old) demonstrated a significant inverse relationship between fiber intake and abdominal obesity [78]. Furthermore, a randomized trial in 107 African American women investigating fiber intake after 6-and 18-month dietary weight loss interventions found that the consumption of fiber at the 6-month follow-up was significantly and negatively associated with BMI, and a stronger negative association was found at the 18-month follow-up BMI [79].…”

Effects of Interaction between SLC35F3 and Carbohydrate Intake on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Middle-Aged Adults

“…This index is an indicator of dietary carbohydrate quality, including the intake of whole grains, total fiber, glycemic index, and solid and liquid carbohydrates [ 45 ]. A previous study found an inverse relationship between the CQI and MetS [ 46 ]. In other words, MetS can be affected by the quality of carbohydrates as well as the amount of carbohydrates.…”

Carbohydrate intake – current knowledge on weight management

“…So far, most of the studies examining the effect of the quality of carbohydrate intake on CVDs limited themselves to one single aspect, such as whole grains or fibre. The carbohydrate quality index (CQI) combines fibre content, glycaemic index, ratio of whole grain to total grain, ratio of solid to total carbohydrates, and thereby accounting for multiple quality components [12 ▪ ]. A case–control study from Ghana with 124 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) analyses whether the dietary CQI is associated with the odds of metabolic syndrome [12 ▪ ].…”