Relationship between expressed HIV/AIDS‐related stigma and HIV‐beliefs/knowledge and behaviour in families of HIV infected children in Kenya

Hamra, Mary; Ross, Michael W.; Orrs, Mark; D'Agostino, Angelo

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01583.x

Cited by 57 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Similar results were found in other studies [35,43,53,57]. Thus, whatever intervention made on HIV/AIDS knowledge will positively affect the attitude of the respondents as well [58] .…”

Section: Acceptance Attitude Of Young Women Towards Plwhasupporting

confidence: 89%

Predictors of HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Attitude among Young Women of Nigeria and Democratic Republic of Congo: Cross-Sectional Study

Gebremedhin¹,

Wang²,

Tesfamariam³

2017

J AIDS Clin Res

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IntroductionHIV/AIDS has become one of the world's most serious public health and development challenges, particularly in low-and middleincome countries [1]. Young women (aged 15-24 ) are particularly most vulnerable to HIV with infection rates twice as high as in young men, and accounting for 22% of all new HIV infections and 31% of new infections in Sub-Saharan Africa [2]. In this region, women acquire HIV infection at least 5-7 years earlier than men, often associated with sexual debut [3,4]. According to UNAIDS, the HIV prevalence for young women in Nigeria and DRC in 2013 were estimated 1.3% and 0.5% as compared to 0.7% and 0.3% of young men, respectively [4]. Young women are more susceptible to HIV, as a result of lack of correct health information, inadequate access to reproductive health services, engagement in risky behaviors, financial insecurity, regional and national conflicts, age-disparity, intergenerational sexual relationships, early, forced, and child marriage, gender violence and discrimination [5][6][7][8].Despite the fact that young women are highly exposed to HIV infection, they were also less likely to have adequate HIV/AIDS about knowledge compared to young men [9]. Adequate knowledge on HIV/AIDS is crucial for averting the HIV infection and ending the negative acceptance attitude and discrimination towards the infected and affected person [10]. Improving HIV/AIDS knowledge has been suggested as an effective HIV preventive behavioral intervention and has been associated with increased safe sex practices, HIV testing and treatment uptake [11]. Several studies of young people from Nigeria [12][13][14][15][16] and elsewhere [17][18][19][20][21] have sought to understand the gaps in their knowledge of HIV/AIDS, with a view towards creating an appropriately targeted educational interventions in improving their HIV/AIDS knowledge and decreasing their risky behaviors. Knowledge about HIV among young people in the western and central Africa continued to be alarmingly low. According to the most recent household surveys, only 24% of young women aged 15-24 years compared to 31% of young men of the same age had comprehensive and correct knowledge of how to prevent HIV [16]. On the other hand, negative attitudes towards HIV/AIDS and PLWHA have been shown to be hindrances for HIV prevention, voluntary counseling and testing, HIV status disclosure and treatment compliance [22,23]. Other studies showed the association between negative attitudes of people towards PLWHA and individual's wrong information about prevention and transmission of the disease [24,25].Young women are at the center of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, not only in terms of new infections but also an opportunities for halting the transmission of HIV [26]. United nations made a political declaration in 2016 with a specific target which showed that by 2020 the new HIV infections among young women aged 15 to 24 years should reduce to fewer than 100, 000. Nigeria and DRC were identified as Fast- Results: Awareness of the young women of Niger...

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“…Similar results were found in other studies [35,43,53,57]. Thus, whatever intervention made on HIV/AIDS knowledge will positively affect the attitude of the respondents as well [58] .…”

Section: Acceptance Attitude Of Young Women Towards Plwhasupporting

confidence: 89%

Predictors of HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Attitude among Young Women of Nigeria and Democratic Republic of Congo: Cross-Sectional Study

Gebremedhin¹,

Wang²,

Tesfamariam³

2017

J AIDS Clin Res

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“…A study conducted in rural China found supporting evidence for this theory: villages where HIV prevalence was high were associated with lower levels of stigma (Cao et al, 2006). In Kenya, Hamra et al also found that personal acquaintance with PLWHA was associated with fewer manifestations of HIV-related stigma (Hamra, Ross, Orrs, & D'Agostino, 2006). Given that HIV prevalence has increased in the Western Cape since 2000 (Actuarial Society of South Africa, 2005) stigma should, accordingly, have decreased as a result.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Stigma rises despite antiretroviral roll-out: A longitudinal analysis in South Africa

Maughan-Brown

2010

Social Science & Medicine

108

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a b s t r a c tStigma is a recognised problem for effective prevention, treatment, and care of HIV/AIDS. However, few studies have measured changes in the magnitude and character of stigma over time. This paper provides the first quantitative evaluation in Africa of the changing nature of stigma and the potential determinants of these changes. More specifically, it evaluates the dynamic relationship between stigma and (1) increased personal contact with people living with HIV/AIDS and (2) knowing people who died of AIDS. Panel survey data collected in Cape town 2003 and 2006 for 1074 young adults aged 14-22 years were used to evaluate changes in three distinct dimensions of stigma: behavioural intentions towards people living with HIV/AIDS; instrumental stigma; and symbolic stigma. Individual fixed effects regression models are used to evaluate factors that influence stigma over time. Each dimension of stigma increased in the population as a whole, and for all racial and gender sub-groups. Symbolic stigma increased the most, followed by instrumental stigma, while negative behavioural intentions showed a modest increase. Knowing someone who died of AIDS was significantly associated with an increase in instrumental stigma and symbolic stigma, while increased personal contact with people living with HIV/AIDS was not significantly associated with any changes in stigma. Despite interventions, such as public-sector provision of antiretroviral treatment (which some hoped would have reduced stigma), stigma increased among a sample highly targeted with HIV-prevention messages. These findings emphasise that changes in stigma are difficult to predict and thus important to monitor. They also indicate the imperative for renewed efforts to reduce stigma, perhaps through interventions to weaken the association between HIV/AIDS and death, to reduce fear of HIV/AIDS, and to recast HIV as a chronic manageable disease.

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“…In this inquiry, a lack of stigma was found to be a factor in greater care knowledge. Persons in the community who were younger, single and with less education experienced greater stigma [108] . The converse finding was a significant association between less expressed stigma and greater care knowledge [109] .…”

Section: Reforming Caring Attitudes and Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They admit, however, that they have yet to quantify any benefits for food security and health outcomes attributable to the PD approach [107] . A pair of experiences have been published from eastern Kenya, where the Lea Toto Kangemi Outreach Program provides support to families caring for HIVpositive children [108,109] ; many of the children are orphans or will imminently be orphaned. In this inquiry, a lack of stigma was found to be a factor in greater care knowledge.…”

Section: Reforming Caring Attitudes and Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HIV and the Ramifications for Food Security and Child Health in Affected Communities

Solomons¹,

O’Donnell

2007

Ann Nestlé [Engl]

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The first cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), were recognized in 1981. Today, an estimated 39 million people worldwide are infected with the virus. Sixty-four percent of these individuals currently live in the poverty of sub-Saharan Africa, but the pandemic is now spreading fastest in the largest nations of Asia. A state of food security is said to exist when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. A concern for food insecurity arose in the HIV/AIDS pandemic, based on the well-known principles of the interaction of malnutrition and infection; more poorly nourished individuals are more severely affected by infectious pathogens while the ravages of infection tend to deplete the nutritional reserves. The social and clinical consequences of HIV/AIDS endanger access to food in areas already stressed by poverty and environmental deterioration. Interventions related to agricultural productivity, income generation and food assistance, must each be crafted and adapted within the local, community contexts, and recognized as necessary to mitigate the adverse effect of HIV/AIDS on food security. UNICEF has made caring, defined as the provision in the household and the community of time, attention, and support to meet the physical, mental, and social needs of the growing child and other household members, into one of the components of its efforts to promote child survival. Its domain includes care for women, breastfeeding and child feeding practices, psychosocial care, food preparation, hygiene practices, and household health practices. The positive deviance approach, that of identifying household caring behaviors that have the best growth, health and development outcomes in children, is now being applied in the context of HIV-positive children. Stigma is a pervasive factor, which tends to isolate households affected with HIV-positive members, and complicates the social context in which food security and care-related interventions can be delivered. Outstanding gaps in our knowledge of food security–HIV/AIDS relationships have been identified. The research questions include the true effectiveness of food assistance to mitigate the effects of HIV and the interaction of food security status with the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy. However, investigation is somewhat of a luxury within the allocation of scarce financial resources, placing a premium on gathering and codifying useful pragmatic experience for mitigating interventions from the valuable experience currently being gathered on the ground by field workers and communities themselves.

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Relationship between expressed HIV/AIDS‐related stigma and HIV‐beliefs/knowledge and behaviour in families of HIV infected children in Kenya

Cited by 57 publications

References 28 publications

Predictors of HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Attitude among Young Women of Nigeria and Democratic Republic of Congo: Cross-Sectional Study

Predictors of HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Attitude among Young Women of Nigeria and Democratic Republic of Congo: Cross-Sectional Study

Stigma rises despite antiretroviral roll-out: A longitudinal analysis in South Africa

HIV and the Ramifications for Food Security and Child Health in Affected Communities

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