Relationship between growth and feeding in infancy and body mass index at the age of 6 years

Gunnarsdóttir, Ingibjörg; Þórsdóttir, Inga

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802438

Cited by 90 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…17 We also investigated the association between AR and bone age: an early AR was associated with advanced skeletal maturity. 4 This association, also reported by Williams et al, 13 is consistent with the association between rapid growth and later high BMI [23][24][25][26] and, as a rule, with the accelerated growth of all body tissues observed in obese children. 27 Accelerated growth is often reported in low birth weight infants.…”

Section: Assessment Of the Age At Adiposity Reboundsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…There is now increasing evidence that a rapid growth (weight and/or length) in infancy or early childhood can predispose to later risks. 26 It is associated with large subsequent weight gain 17,23,24,54 and a central body fat pattern 23,25 and also with a risk of diabetes, 55 cardiovascular disease 56 and cancer. 57,58 Paradoxically, the proportion of fat in the infant diet is low at a period of high energy needs.…”

Section: Factors Associated With An Early Ar and Increased Fatnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Early adiposity rebound: causes and consequences for obesity in children and adults

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Childhood obesity is an important public health problem, with a rapidly increasing frequency worldwide. Identification of critical periods for the development of childhood and adolescent obesity could be very useful for targeting prevention measures. Weight status in early childhood is a poor predictor of adult adiposity status, and most obese adults were not obese as children. We first proposed to use the body mass index (BMI) charts to monitor individual BMI development. The adiposity rebound (AR) corresponds to the second rise in BMI curve that occurs between ages 5 and 7 years. It is not as direct a measure as BMI at any age, but because it involves the examination of several points during growth, and because it is identified at a time when adiposity level clearly change directions, this method provides information that can help us understand individual changes and the development of health risks. An early AR is associated with an increased risk of overweight. It is inversely associated with bone age, and reflects accelerated growth. The early AR recorded in most obese subjects and the striking difference in the mean age at AR between obese subjects (3 years) and non-obese subjects (6 years) suggest that factors have operated very early in life. The typical pattern associated with an early AR is a low BMI followed by increased BMI level after the rebound. This pattern is recorded in children of recent generations as compared to those of previous generations. This is owing to the trend of a steeper increase of height as compared to weight in the first years of life. This typical BMI pattern (low, followed by high body fatness level) is associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart diseases. Low body fatness before the AR suggests that an energy deficit had occurred at an early stage of growth. It can be attributable to the high-protein, low-fat diet fed to infants at a time of high energy needs, the former triggering height velocity and the latter decreasing the energy density of the diet and then reducing energy intake. The high-fat, low-protein content of human milk may contribute to its beneficial effects on growth processes. Early (pre-and postnatal) life is a critical period during which environmental factors may programme adaptive mechanisms that will persist in adulthood. Under-nutrition in fetal life or during the first years after birth may programme a thrifty metabolism that will exert adverse effects later in life, especially if the growing child is exposed to overnutrition. These observations stress the importance of an adequate nutritional status in childhood and the necessity to provide nutritional intakes adapted to nutritional needs at various stages of growth. Because the AR reflects particular BMI patterns, it is a useful tool for the paediatrician to monitor the child's adiposity development and for researchers to investigate the different developmental patterns leading to overweight. It contributes to the understanding of chronic disease programming and suggests ne...

show abstract

Section: Assessment Of the Age At Adiposity Reboundsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Factors Associated With An Early Ar and Increased Fatnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early adiposity rebound: causes and consequences for obesity in children and adults

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The food records, which were completed by the infants' parents or caretakers close to the infants' monthly 'birthday', covered at least 24 h where all food ingested by the infant was recorded (Atladottir & Thorsdottir, 2000;Gunnarsdottir & Thorsdottir, 2003;Thorsdottir et al, 2003a, b). From these records, duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months) could be determined.…”

Section: Infant Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal body mass index, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and children's developmental status at the age of 6 years

et al. 2005

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: To investigate whether the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and maternal body mass index (BMI) are associated with children's developmental status at the time of beginning elementary school. Design and subjects: The subjects in the sample came from a longitudinal study on infant nutrition in Iceland. Food records were made once a month from birth to the age of 12 months, from which duration of exclusive breastfeeding could be determined. Mothers filled in The Icelandic developmental inventory for evaluation of motor and verbal development close to their children's sixth birthday (n ¼ 85). Maternal self-reported weight and height was recorded. Information on socioeconomic factors was gathered by a questionnaire. Results: Duration of exclusive breastfeeding, in months, was positively related to children's motor component (B ¼ 0.570.5, P ¼ 0.054) and to the total developmental index (B ¼ 1.070.5, P ¼ 0.044) at 6 y, adjusting for gender and socioeconomic factors (maternal and paternal education, and family income). Children's learning score was negatively related to maternal BMI (B ¼ À0.570.2, P ¼ 0.047). An inverse association also appeared between maternal BMI and two out of the three developmental composite scores, that is, verbal component and the total developmental index (B ¼ À0.670.3, P ¼ 0.049) and (B ¼ À0.470.2, P ¼ 0.057), respectively. In multiple regression the developmental indexes were most strongly independently associated with maternal BMI (negatively) and infants' birth weight (positively). Conclusion: Maternal BMI and duration of breastfeeding were associated with verbal and motor development of 6-y-old children, independent of socioeconomic factors. Birth weight was also an independent determinant for developmental scores.

show abstract

“…Effective implementation of FBDG is needed to contribute to halting the current non-communicable disease epidemic, such as CVD and obesity (2) . The prevalence of obesity in childhood has increased worldwide in recent decades (3)(4)(5)(6) along with changes in food availability and dietary habits, which also seem to have resulted in diminishing differences in food habits between European countries (7) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adherence to food-based dietary guidelines and evaluation of nutrient intake in 7-year-old children

Kristjansdottir

Þórsdóttir

2009

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: To evaluate the diet of 7-year-old children by comparison with foodbased dietary guidelines (FBDG) and reference values for nutrient intake. Design: Food and nutrient intake was assessed by 3 d weighed dietary records of 7-year-olds in six randomly chosen schools in Reykjavik, Iceland. Height and weight were measured. The diet of 165 children (62 % of sample) was evaluated by the Icelandic FBDG and the Nordic reference values (NRV) for nutrient intake. Setting: Six randomly chosen schools in Reykjavik, Iceland. Results: The FBDG on fruits and vegetables was reached by less than 20 % of the children. A total of 52 % reached the FBDG to eat fish twice a week and 41 % to use vitamin D supplement. The FBDG on dairy was reached by 66 % of the children. Mean intake of SFA gave 13?9 % of the total energy intake (E%), which is higher than the NRV, 9?3E% of MUFA and 3?8E% of PUFA, both lower than the NRV (for all differences P , 0?001). Added sugar gave 12?1E%, which exceeds the upper level (P , 0?001). Fibre intake was 2?1 g/MJ and lower than the NRV (P , 0?001). Mean intake of micronutrients was above the recommended intake (RI), except for iodine, 109?0 mg/d, and vitamin D, 6?1 mg/d, which was lower than the RI (P 5 0?006 and P , 0?001, respectively). Conclusions: Fruit, vegetable, fish and dairy, as well as vitamin D supplement, need to be increased in the diet of 7-year-old children to reach the FBDG and the reference values for nutrient intake. Dietary changes to increase the quality of fat and carbohydrate are needed as well.

show abstract

Relationship between growth and feeding in infancy and body mass index at the age of 6 years

Cited by 90 publications

References 23 publications

Early adiposity rebound: causes and consequences for obesity in children and adults

Early adiposity rebound: causes and consequences for obesity in children and adults

Maternal body mass index, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and children's developmental status at the age of 6 years

Adherence to food-based dietary guidelines and evaluation of nutrient intake in 7-year-old children

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About