Relationship between growth of facial morphology and chronologic age in preschool children with obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea in children may be associated with growth disturbances of the nasal floor and corpus length.

Cephalometry as an aid in the diagnosis of pediatric obstructive sleep apnoea: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…From those studies included in this review, three studies dated back to 1999 23 , 24 , 25 and one study published in 2021. 26 Four studies were performed in a Chinese population, 16 , 17 , 26 , 27 three in Italy, 19 , 23 , 25 two in Brazil 20 , 28 and Japan 21 , 29 ; and one each in Sweden, 30 and Korea. 18 A majority of the studies had a cross-sectional study design 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 with the rest having a case-control 17 , 25 , 27 , 32 while one study had a cohort study design.…”

“… 26 Four studies were performed in a Chinese population, 16 , 17 , 26 , 27 three in Italy, 19 , 23 , 25 two in Brazil 20 , 28 and Japan 21 , 29 ; and one each in Sweden, 30 and Korea. 18 A majority of the studies had a cross-sectional study design 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 with the rest having a case-control 17 , 25 , 27 , 32 while one study had a cohort study design. 30 The sample sizes for the OSA group ranged from 13 25 to 77 20 and the age from 4.5 years 25 to 12.6 years.…”

“…Several studies have found an association between OSA and abnormal orofacial morphology. 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 As a result, the current research goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of cephalometry in diagnosing OSA through a systematic review. This review could aid in the timely identification and treatment of pediatric OSA cases.…”

Three-dimensional evaluation of hyoid bone position in nasal and mouth breathing subjects with skeletal Class I, and Class II

“…However, previous literature found that orthodontists can accurately diagnose nasal breathing and advised collaboration between orthodontists and otolaryngologists regarding mouth breathing diagnosis [3]. Lymphoid tissue develops fast after birth, reaches its peak size in childhood, begins to regress around the age of 8-10 years, and usually entirely diminishes around 12-14 years [29]. Hence, in our study: the history taking and clinical tests were used as preliminary screening tests for detection of mouth breathing, and the otolaryngologists confirmed the diagnosis, cooperation between the two disciplines led to a better diagnosis and treatment planning [3].…”

“…Behlfelt et al [34] suspected that the lower HBP in mouth breathers was attributed to lower position of the tongue and to allow for more airway patency as the airway volume might be decreased in the mouth breathers [29], whereas, Chaves et al [33] suggested that the upward HBP is a compensatory mechanism; as mouth breathing is accompanied with clockwise rotation of the mandible, which might release the tension applied by suprahyoid muscle to hyoid bone, thus led to an inferior HBP and constricted pharynx as well, then mouth breathers tended to extend their heads to allow for more airway patency, this posture exaggerated the tension applied by suprahyoid muscle, which consequently pulled hyoid bone to a superior position. Moreover, in our study, we also used Sella point to determine HBP as it is a more stable reference point than cervical vertebrae and mandible [32].…”