Relationship between inward FDI and environmental degradation for Pakistan: an exploration of pollution haven hypothesis through ARDL approach

Nadeem, Abdul Majeed; Ali, Tariq; Khan, Muhammad Tariq Iqbal; Guo, Zhen

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08083-x

Cited by 74 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…This result suggested that some cities, provinces, and municipalities in China, with less stringent regulations, have become pollution havens in an attempt to attract FDI and pollution-intensive industries. This result validated the previous studies conducted for China (Ur Rahman et al 2019 ); OECD (Manzoor Ahmad et al 2020 ); newly industrialized nations (Destek and Okumus 2019 ); Cote d’Ivoire (Assamoi et al 2020 ); ASEAN (Guzel and Okumus 2020 ); MINT countries (Balsalobre-Lorente et al 2019 ); Pakistan (Nadeem et al 2020 ; Naz et al 2019 ); MIKTA economies (Bakirtas and Cetin 2017 ); BRICS (Khan et al 2020 ); Arab countries (Abdo et al 2020 ); Asian countries (Khan and Ozturk 2020 ); and European countries (Mert et al 2019 ). However, this result contradicts the previous studies conducted for coastal Mediterranean countries (S. Nathaniel et al 2020 ); OECD (Ahmad et al 2019a ); Turkey (Mert and Caglar 2020 ); China (Ayamba et al 2019 ; Hao et al 2020 ); and Kyoto Annex countries (Mert and Bölük 2016 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Do higher education research and development expenditures affect environmental sustainability? New evidence from Chinese provinces

Jiang

Khattak

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Even though higher education R&D expenditures (HEEXP) are important determinants of economic growth that facilitate science, technology, new ideas, and innovation, yet its effect on environmental sustainability remains unexplored. This paper examines the nexus between HEEXP and carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2 e), followed by control variables such as electricity consumption (EC), foreign direct investment (FDI), gross domestic product (GDP), and total population (TP) for the period 2000Q1–2019Q4. Data were evaluated using different tests, e.g., the cross-sectional dependence test, cross-sectionally augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Westerlund error-correction–based panel cointegration test, mean group, augmented mean group, common correlated effects mean group, and Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test. First, the results validated the cointegration association among HEEXP, EC, FDI, GDP, TP, and CO 2 e. Second, the finding showed significant long-term negative nexus between HEEXP and CO 2 e. Third, the findings indicated that electricity consumption, foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, and total population are the important factors that intensify the overall situation of CO 2 e. Fourth, the results indicated that there exists bidirectional causality between EC and CO 2 e; FDI and CO 2 e; GDP and CO 2 e; POP and CO 2 e; and HEEXP and CO 2 e. This paper’s findings call for devising policies and strengthening financial support to induce higher education for developing green patents.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Do higher education research and development expenditures affect environmental sustainability? New evidence from Chinese provinces

Jiang

Khattak

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…It depends on the research method, timeframe, and region [16,18,25]. De facto, in-conclusive or mixed results for developing countries were also found by Nadeem et al [47], Chen and Yang [48], and Xu et al [49]. Therefore, further research is essential to better comprehend the link between FDI and the environment.…”

Section: Pollution-halo and Pollution-havenmentioning

confidence: 94%

Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Pollution-Halo/Haven Hypotheses: An Investigation in Brazilian Municipalities

et al. 2021

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There is much discussion on the non-linear relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Additionally, the effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the environment are ambiguous, as both beneficial (i.e., pollution-halo) and harmful (i.e., pollution-haven) effects were found. Therefore, the literature presents no consensus on either of these topics. This is especially problematic for developing regions, as these regions represent growing economies interested in receiving foreign investments, and their CO2-related research is limited. This study aims to understand the impacts of economic growth and FDI on the CO2 emissions of São Paulo state, Brazil. To perform this study, a unique dataset on regional FDI was built, and 592 municipalities were included. The analyses combine linear and non-linear estimations, and the results suggest a non-linear relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and CO2 emissions, along with a negative association between FDI and CO2. Finally, this study discusses possible policy implications and contributes to the international literature.

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“…MINT countries (Balsalobre-Lorente et al, 2019); Pakistan (Nadeem, Ali, Khan, & Guo, 2020;Naz et al, 2019); MIKTA economies (Bakirtas & Cetin, 2017); BRICS (Z. U. ; Arab countries (Abdo, Li, Zhang, Lu, & Rasheed, 2020); Asian countries (M. A. Khan & Ozturk, 2020); and…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Higher Education Research and Development Expenditures affect Environmental Sustainability? New Evidence from Thirty-One Chinese Provinces

Sun

Jiang

Khattak

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Higher education R&D expenditures (HEEXP) are one of the important determinants of economic growth that facilitates science, technology, new ideas, and innovation, but its effect on environmental sustainability remains unexplored. This paper examines the nexus between HEEXP and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e), followed by control variables such as electricity consumption, foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, and total population for the period 2000Q1-2019Q4. Some of the key results are as follows. First, the present findings confirmed the long-run cointegration among variables. Second, the finding showed significant long-term negative nexus between HEEXP and CO2e. Third, the findings indicated that electricity consumption, foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, and total population are the important factors that intensify the overall situation of CO2e. Fourth, the results indicated that there exist a bi-directional causality between EC and CO2e; FDI and CO2e; GDP and CO2e; POP and CO2e and HEEXP, and CO2e.

show abstract

Relationship between inward FDI and environmental degradation for Pakistan: an exploration of pollution haven hypothesis through ARDL approach

Cited by 74 publications

References 63 publications

Do higher education research and development expenditures affect environmental sustainability? New evidence from Chinese provinces

Do higher education research and development expenditures affect environmental sustainability? New evidence from Chinese provinces

Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Pollution-Halo/Haven Hypotheses: An Investigation in Brazilian Municipalities

Do Higher Education Research and Development Expenditures affect Environmental Sustainability? New Evidence from Thirty-One Chinese Provinces

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