Relationship between juvenile obesity, dietary energy and fat intake and physical activity

Gillis, Linda; Kennedy, Lori; Gillis, Aubrey; Bar‐Or, Oded

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801967

Cited by 83 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The law of energy balance dictates that an energy intake that exceeds energy needs will contribute towards weight gain. Indeed, several observational studies have shown an increase of BMI with increasing energy intake (Parker et al, 1997;Gillis et al, 2002;Schroder et al, 2003). Furthermore, experimental studies found an increase of total energy intake with higher energy density of the diets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet quality and lifestyle associated with free selected low-energy density diets in a representative Spanish population

et al. 2007

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Objective: Dietary intake is strongly influenced by the energy density of the diet. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of energy density with diet quality, dietary reference intake (DRI) for energy and lifestyle characteristics in free-living people. Subjects: The subjects were Spanish men (n ¼ 1491) and women (n ¼ 1563) selected in between 1999 and 2000 among the general population according to the 1996 census. Results: A low-energy density diet was significantly associated (Po0.001) with a higher consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, fish and white meat as compared to high-energy density diets. More subjects (Po0.001) with a high adherence to low-energy density diets meet DRI for energy intake and tended to be closer (Po0.05) to the recommendations of dietary intakes, established by the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition than those following a high-energy density diet. Alcohol consumption, the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and smoking significantly increased (Po0.01) across quartile distribution of energy density. Conclusion: Low-energy density diets of the present population were associated with a healthier lifestyle. Furthermore, our data suggest that adherence to low-energy density diets, with similar characteristics to those found in the present population, promote adequate energy intakes and increase overall diet quality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet quality and lifestyle associated with free selected low-energy density diets in a representative Spanish population

et al. 2007

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“…Subjects' age and adiposity status 38 have been noted to influence reporting accuracy, but not all studies that include subjects likely to underreport have confirmed this behaviour. 39 Without proven methods for accurately identifying underreporters in paediatric studies, 40 the exclusion of suspected underreporters may introduce unknown biases and eliminate subjects of greatest interest to the study questions. 41 We included all subjects with 4-or more 24-h recalls and PARs for these analyses, recognizing that we measured reported diet and PA behaviours.…”

Section: Dietary Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

General and visceral adiposity in black and white adolescents and their relation with reported physical activity and diet

et al. 2007

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Background: Excess body fat accumulation may begin in youth and is linked with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Examination of physical activity (PA) and diet behaviours predictive of adiposity may help target efforts to reduce chronic disease risk. Objective: We hypothesized that energy intake (EI) from fat, vigorous PA (VPA), and their interaction would predict body fat percentage (%BF) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in youth and that sedentary behaviours and intake of dairy, fruit, vegetable and whole grain foods would be related to adiposity. Design: A cross-sectional, observational study of reported PA and diet behaviours and objective adiposity measures. Subjects: Six-hundred sixty-one healthy black and white adolescents aged 14-18 years. Measurements: Diet by 24-h recalls using Nutrition Data Systems for Research (Minneapolis, MN, USA), VPA by previous day physical activity recalls (PAR), and %BF with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. VAT by magnetic resonance imaging for 434 subjects. Results: Reported EI and VPA were positively correlated with each other and were negative predictors of %BF. Time spent watching television or movies and %EI from protein were positive predictors of %BF. Adjusted for EI, none of the independent variables predictive of %BF retained their significance. %BF and VAT were highly correlated (r ¼ 0.73, Po0.0001). EI was the sole and negative predictor of VAT. Conclusions: Higher energy 'throughput', not energy restriction, characterize leaner youths. Youths should be advised to engage in VPA so that they can eat sufficient calories to obtain the nutrients required for optimal health while remaining lean.

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“…Of the 16 cross-sectional studies among population subgroups, 5 provided evidence supporting energy intake as the primary determinant of childhood obesity, 47-51 8 provided evidence for energy expenditure, 52-59 2 provided evidence for both energy intake and expenditure 60,61 and 1 was unclear. 62 Studies that provided evidence supporting energy intake found that increased total energy intake was positively associated with BMI, 47,48 that obese children consumed more than non-obese children, 49,51 and that Pima Indian children, although they had higher body weight, had similar levels of total energy expenditure and physical activityrelated energy expenditure as white children. 50 With the exception of the Pima Indian study, 50 all of the studies supporting energy intake included measures of both energy intake and energy expenditure.…”

Section: Energy Imbalance and Childhood Obesity Sn Bleich Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to childhood obesity: a review of the literature and directions for future research

Bleich

Wang³

2010

Int J Obes

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Background: Understanding the relative importance of overconsumption and physical inactivity to excess weight gain among children and adolescents can contribute to the development and evaluation of interventions and policies to reduce childhood obesity. However, whether energy intake or expenditure is the dominant contributor to childhood obesity is a subject of debate. To date, no study has systematically reviewed the literature on this subject. Methods: We searched PubMed and Ovid Medline (January 1970 to January 2010) for potentially relevant English-language abstracts and obtained full-text articles for the abstracts, which passed the initial inclusion-exclusion criteria. Reference lists of full-length articles were hand searched to identify additional studies potentially relevant for inclusion. Relevant studies were characterized into one of the following three categories: cross-sectional studies with a nationally representative sample, crosssectional studies among population subgroups and longitudinal studies.Results: This review identified 26 studies examining factors related to energy intake, energy expenditure and obesity among children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that the primary determinant of energy imbalance at both the population and the individual levels is not definitive. Our findings further suggest that there is wide variation in data quality between studies. Future research in this area should aim to improve the accuracy of measures of energy intake, expenditure and their net balance over time; capitalize on under-utilized, non-traditional data sources, which have not been widely used; use modeling techniques to synthesize studies of shorter follow-up period and different outcome measures; and examine the unique determinants of energy imbalance among demographic groups at higher risk for obesity. Conclusions: On the basis of the current evidence, there is no consensus on the main driver of secular trends on weight gain among US children and adolescents. More research and better methods are needed to identify the relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to obesity in the pediatric population.

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Relationship between juvenile obesity, dietary energy and fat intake and physical activity

Cited by 83 publications

References 43 publications

Diet quality and lifestyle associated with free selected low-energy density diets in a representative Spanish population

Diet quality and lifestyle associated with free selected low-energy density diets in a representative Spanish population

General and visceral adiposity in black and white adolescents and their relation with reported physical activity and diet

Relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to childhood obesity: a review of the literature and directions for future research

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